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Religion > Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities > Flashcards

Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities Flashcards

1
Q

Dreaming

A
  • The Dreaming represents all knowledge and beliefs in Aboriginal societies. It is the “spirit” of their creation and spirituality.
  • The Dreaming is the Aboriginal person’s spirituality, way of life, language, kinship systems and culture.
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2
Q

Kinship

A
  • Complex system of social obligations
  • An Aboriginal person’s social group (eg family or mob) and a system of belonging and responsibilities within a clan
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3
Q

Ceremonial Life

A

The Dreaming is the source of Aboriginal rituals, art, stories, sacred sites, etc. Rituals express the Dreaming.

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4
Q

Obligations

A

The Dreaming determines an Aboriginal person’s obligations and responsibilities to the land and people. They have an obligation to pass on the Dreaming.

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5
Q

Moieties

A
  • Two halves, balance
  • These can be matrilineal or patrilineal.
  • They determine who is considered siblings, mother, father, cousin etc.
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6
Q

Skin names

A
  • Indicates a person’s blood line and conveys information about how generations are linked (and thus how they should interact).
  • Not necessarily blood
  • 4 level system - cycle
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7
Q

Totems

A
  • Kinship is related to their totem - a plant or animal that represents a clan’s connection to the ancestor beings.
  • 4 totems: Nation, clan, family and identity
  • Personal totem assigned by elders
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8
Q

Lore

A

First Nations law system

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9
Q

What are the 3 levels of the kindship system?

A
  1. Moiety
  2. Totems
  3. Skin names
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10
Q

What is the significance of ceremonies and rituals?

A
  • The Dreaming is the source of ceremonies and rituals
  • Dreaming’s help maintain an Aboriginal person’s knowledge of the Dreaming
  • Ancestral beings and the Dreaming are PRESENT in ceremonies
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11
Q

Types of ceremonies

A

Rites of passage and initiative - mark significant moments in a Persons’s life, eg birth
Death and Burial - eg Sorry Business - care is taken with their possessions and speaking their name.
Marriage ceremonies - union of 2 people
Periodic ceremonies - various ceremonies with different purposes eg cool burning

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12
Q

Examples of ceremonies

A

Examples of Indigenous Australian ceremonies:
Smoking ceremonies → acknowledges ancestors, wards off evil spirits, cleanses and heals the place and those involved in the ceremony, elders perform them
Example of Mob that performs this ceremony → Gadigal people

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13
Q

Examples of Caring for Country:

A

Cool burning → Where small fires burn at a lower intensity than a bushfire. Only the underbrush is burnt, and the burning is closely monitored. Cool burning ensures that seeds and nutrients in tegh soil are not destroyed and therefore the fires reduce the risk of losing a lot of bush and seeds.
Example of Mob that performs this ceremony → Bidjara (Queensland)

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14
Q

What is a corroboree?

A

Ceremonial meeting to interact with and celebrate the Dreaming.

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15
Q

Sacred sites

A
  • Originate from the Dreaming
  • Responsibilities to care for country and sacred sites
  • Esoteric
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16
Q

Esoteric

A

Known only to a particular nation or group

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17
Q

Why are art and stories important for the Dreaming?

A
  • Communicates the Dreaming
  • The Dreaming is expressed through art and stories
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18
Q

What are the obligations to land and people?

A
  • Care and maintain the Dreaming
  • Know the stories and beliefs
  • Knowing the ancestral spirits
  • Knowing the practical knowledge of the land
  • Passing on the Dreaming
  • Knowing the rules and social norms of their clan
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19
Q

Dispossession

A

The eviction or expulsion of a person or persons from the possession of land by process of law

20
Q

What can dispossession refer to?

A
  • Taking Aboriginal land
  • Removing the Aboriginal people from the land
  • Attempting to turn Aboriginal peoples into Christians and follow a European way of life
21
Q

How was dispossession enforced?

A

Through protection and assimilation policies

22
Q

What has been the impact of dispossession?

A

Detrimental to Aboriginal spirituality and culture

23
Q

Protection policies

A
  • Aimed to preserve and protect Aboriginal peoples by moving them into missions or reserves
  • Aimed to isolated Aboriginal people until their culture died out
  • Based on a Eurocentric idea of what was best for them
24
Q

Assimilation policies

A
  • Idea that Aboriginal peoples should be ‘improved’ by being ‘civilised’ and Christianised
  • Led to degradation of Aboriginal communities and separation of Aboriginal children from their families - Stolen generations
25
Q

Separation from the land

A
  • Land, language, totems, kinship, and ceremonies are all significantly affected
  • Not able to fulfill ritual responsibilities
  • Unable to access Dreaming and Ancestral spirits
  • Erosion of culture
26
Q

Separation from kinship groups

A
  • Destroyed the kinship system
  • Loss of identity
  • Role of elders
  • Loss of language
  • Lack of a sense of belonging
27
Q

Stolen generations

A
  • Refers to the Aboriginal children who were removed from their homes, communities and families between 1900 and 1972
  • An attempt to assimilate these children into Australian society
28
Q

Effects of dispossession

A
  • Many communities did not have the support needed to face such trauma
  • Some still feel as if they don’t belong
  • Intergenerational trauma
  • Many still feel voiceless
  • Mistrust towards authorities
29
Q

Land rights

A

Efforts by Aboriginal Australians to repossess, gain access to and/or seek compensation for the use of their traditional lands

30
Q

Mabo decision 1992

A
  • Mer Island land claim led the High court to recognise for the first time that a form of land title existed prior to Australia’s occupation by Great Britain in 1788
  • Eddie Mabo
31
Q

What was the impact of the Mabo decision?

A
  • Australian common law recognises a form of native title to land
  • Exists where the Indigenous people have maintained their connection to land
32
Q

Terra Nullius

A

‘land belonging to no one’

33
Q

What did the Land Rights Movement do?

A

Saw to reconnect Aboriginal people with the land after the implementation of policies that disconnected them from it

34
Q

Integration

A

Aboriginal peoples were granted the right of citizenship

35
Q

Self-determination

A

1972 - Indigenous people had the right to be involved in decision making over their own lives

36
Q

Self management policy

A

Indigenous communities managing the government projects and funding locally

37
Q

The road to native title

A
  • Yirrkala Bark Petition 1963
  • The Freedom Rides 1965
  • Wave Hill Station walk off 1966-1975
  • Gove land rights case1968-1971
  • Aboriginal tent embassy 1972
  • Racial Discrimination Act 1975
  • Mabo case - 1982 - 1992
38
Q

Native Title Act 1993

A

Recognises Aboriginal people as rightful owners of the land.

39
Q

Native Title vs native title

A

Capitalised - refers to the legislation passed in 1993.
lowercase -refers to the concept of returning Aboriginal land ownership.

40
Q

Impact of the Native Title Act

A

First time since colonisation that Indigenous Australians had the chance to argue ownership of their traditional lands and under common law

41
Q

Restrictions around Native Title

A
  • Have to prove a continuous link/ ongoing connection with the land, can only claim crown land
  • problematic due to stolen generations with many being removed from their land
42
Q

Wik Decision 1996

A
  • Wik vs Queensland - Federal court case
  • An attempt by the Wik people to gain rights to two pieces of land the Queensland government was using for pastoral reasons
43
Q

Pastoral lease

A

When land owned by the government is ‘rented’ or used for agricultural purposes

44
Q

Impact of the Wik decision

A
  • Native title could coexist with pastoral leases
  • Decision - crown land did not need to be vacant to be claimed
  • If could not coexist, pastoral leases trump native title
45
Q

Application of the Wik decision

A
  • Can claim land already used and owned by a farm/mine/cattle station/had a private owner
  • Can make a claim but can’t remove the existing property + people on the land
  • However, the Indigenous people who make the claim have a right to access the land and can even receive compensation in some cases
46
Q

Native Title Amendment Act 1998

A
  • A 10 point plan that was viewed as a suite of roadblocks against Native Title opportunities
  • Was regarded by many as further dispossession of Indigenous rights
47
Q

Importance of the Dreaming

A
  • Seek rights to their land so they can fully access the Dreaming
    Without access to their lands - Dreaming cannot easily be learned and passed on, cannot fully access their sacred sites, their history, traditions, rituals and identity

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