Contact and Colonization

Question 1

Pre-Voyage
What did he want in Asia? Why?
Who finally accepts Columbus’ proposal?

Answer 1

Columbus aims to find westward sea passage to Asia and to obtain a private trade license for GOLD and SPICES from Patron, Spain from the rulers of Japan and China
looking for garden of eden
Portugal says NO to Columbus, Spain says YES because Spain is desperate, not a part of the new economy

Question 2

What did Europe refer to Asia as?

Answer 2

Indies

Question 3

First Voyage to the Caribbean (Aug 3, 1492)

Answer 3

Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria (87 men)
Columbus asked the pope for permission (Pope Alex the fourth) and he granted Spain all lands discovered in the Western Hemisphere— to alleviate rivalry between Spain and Portugal with the TREATY OF TORDESILLAS in 1494 where Spain gets everything to the west and Portugal gets everything to the east

Question 4

Who is the global king?

Answer 4

The Pope

Question 5

The Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 5

Created in 1494 where Spain gets everything to the west and Portugal gets everything to the east
the deal gave Brazil to Portugal

Question 6

The Second Voyage (Sept 25, 1493)

Answer 6

1,500 men (no women)
high risk > large rewards
find land, have indigenous labor, finally return to Spain with wealth and improved reputation
go back and flex their new “Indianos” homes
The search for plentiful gold continues, eventually go crazy and enslave indigenous peoples for finding it, where the good-will shifts

Question 7

What were the new homes they flexed when they went back home called?
What are cash crops?

Answer 7

go back and flex their new “Indianos” homes
cash crops are things like tobacco, sugar, wheat that can be overturned into money quickly

Question 8

after the second voyage they go back to Spain with:

Answer 8

little evidence of gold and riches
no contact with Chinese and Japanese rulers
American colonies are seething with discontent
queen Isabel was unhappy with Indigenous treatment
Still continue to finance a 3rd voyage

Question 9

why do they decide to continue to finance a third voyage?

Answer 9

most likely concerned about Portuguese competition

Question 10

3rd Voyage
What was their motivation?

Answer 10

Competition motivated Spain to go back
they go back to South America (the delta)
Columbus still expects to find Asia
Island of Trinidad
Columbus dragged back in chains

Question 11

4th Voyage

Answer 11

Central America
Columbus is still expecting to find Asia
accidentally finds central America
Spanish crown restored his title and privileges
COLUMBUS DIES May 20, 1506

Question 12

Economies and incompatibilities: Monetary vs Barter

Answer 12

the significance of gold
wealth/trade vs. decorative/ornamental value

Question 13

Economies and incompatibilities: Agriculture

Answer 13

Large scale monoculture vs. subsistence/ small scale agriculture

Question 14

Economies and incompatibilities: Biological Differences

Answer 14

Due to Europes proximity they grew immune system that Native people didn’t have
Natives are weak, lazy, unmotivated

Question 15

Indigenous Societies of the Americas: Technology Flex vs. inferior natives

Answer 15

the “noble savage”/childlike/the metaphor of “Eden” (pre-reason)
warlike, cruel (w/o reason)

Question 16

Indigenous Societies of the Americas: religious conversation

Answer 16

Explicit Motive: convert people to christianity
Convert Motive: cover up/true motives, rationalize

Question 17

the “Encomienda” system
How did Indigenous culture play a role?

Answer 17

rewarded/gifted colonists with labor of conquered non-christian peoples
gifts: protection and education
in turn natives were taxed in forced labor, food, and resources

Indigenous Culture that played a role: polytheistic, strong association with nature, offering to gods, anthropophagy (cannibalism), dress (naked)

Question 18

range of societies in America

Answer 18

nomadic hunter-gatherers
sedentary societies with complex political and social organizations, therefore “attractive” to europeans
the Tainos and the Carbes
the Aztecs- the Mexica Empire, capital was Tenochtitlan (~200,000)

Question 19

in 1519

Answer 19

Hernan Cortes arrived

Question 20

Quetzalcoatl, the Plumed serpent

Answer 20

a god-like man who came from the East and would someday return and inaugurate a golden age

Question 21

military after 1519

Answer 21

Cortés comes with 500 men
9 months to arrive to capital
he fights and convinces people to help him who were unhappy with government or saw opportunity

Question 22

Marina “La Malinche”

Answer 22

was a mayan slave for the Aztecs, learns mayan and Spanish
translator, interpreter guide, traitor

Cortés + Marina = Martín “new race”
America’s first couple

Question 23

Montezuma gets reports of the appearance of

Answer 23

“warriors from the east”
Tlaxcala battles Cortés, they realize he is strong and powerful, decide to welcome strangers

being enemies of Chalula, the Tlaxcala’s were massacred

Question 24

Mestizo

Answer 24

mixed race

Question 25

The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan

Answer 25

Cortés is invited into Tenochtitlan, Montezuma tells Cortés he doesn’t have much gold
tells Spaniards to go back and get more supplies
hear Europeans have arrived to check on him
he makes up stories
why would occupy a friendly nation?
cortes ends up fleeing with Marina killing Moctezuma on the way

most of the people of Tenochtitlan died of contact and the Spanish colonial city was constructed on top of Tenochtitlan

Question 26

Enduring legacies of Colonial Contact and Early Settlements: Africa

Answer 26

the enslavement and sale of Africans is a response to the “failures” of Indigenous Americans
Capitalizes on the familiarity/shared experience between Europe and Africa

Question 27

Enduring legacies of Colonial Contact and Early Settlements: The Hacienda (and it’s parts)

Answer 27

house of the “patrón” and its immediate surroundings
- chapel and priest
- quarters of the overseer(s) (male and mixed race)
- slave quarters
- field
- main house and patrón

Question 28

What “problems” did the Europeans have with Indigenous labor?

Answer 28

disease, lazy, weak, flight, different agriculture/wealth

Question 29

Colonial Racial Categories

Answer 29

non-euro / African / Indian

Mestizo (mixed race)

European

Question 30

Colonial Racial Categories: 13-45

Answer 30

1-13 non a sexual or physical threat

20-45 a physical and sexual threat

45< not a sexual or physical threat

Question 31

who is the most privileged servant?

Answer 31

wife’s personal servant

Question 32

legacies of the hacienda

Answer 32

organized by race and gender
preservation of white female sexuality
establishes a House US Street dichotomy in Latin America
establishes a society based on favor