consumption

Question 1

Herbivory (type of consumption)

Answer 1

takes place when herbivores consume plant tissues.

Question 2

parasitism (type of consumption)

Answer 2

occurs when a parasite consumes relatively small amounts of tissue or nutrients from another individual called the host. Often occurs over a long period. Not necessarily fatal and parasites are usually small relative to their host.

Question 3

predation (type of consumption)

Answer 3

occurs when a predator kills and consumes all or most of another individual. The consumed individual is called the prey. Predation can refer to carnivores and to the consumption of plants, especially seeds.

Question 4

Natural selection strongly favors traits that allow individuals to

Answer 4

avoid being eaten.

Question 5

standing or constitutive defenses

Answer 5

they are present even in the absence of predators. includes things such as armor or weapons.

Question 6

cryptic coloration (constitutive)

Answer 6

helps prey escape detection.

Question 7

escape behavior (constitutive)

Answer 7

prey may have adaptations to detect predators and run, fly, jump, or swim away.

Question 8

Toxins and other defense chemicals (constitutive)

Answer 8

prey may lace their tissues with toxic compounds. Many advertise their toxicity with warning coloration.

Question 9

schooling/flocking (constitutive)

Answer 9

predators can become confused by groups of prey.

Question 10

defense armor and weapons (constitutive)

Answer 10

prey may have protective shells, sharp spines, or other defense structures.

Question 11

mimicry

Answer 11

pattern of one species resembling another.

Question 12

Batesian mimicry

Answer 12

natural selection favors mimic species that resemble the unpalatable species.

Question 13

Müllerian mimicry

Answer 13

the existence of similar-looking unpalatable prey in the same habitat increases the likelihood that predators will learn to avoid them. Thus, co-mimicry boosts the fitness of both species.

Question 14

Take-home message from studies of mimicry is that the +/- consumption interactions between two species can cause

Answer 14

unexpected consequences to other species in the community.

Question 15

Natural selection in the form of predator-prey interactions can result in

Answer 15

mutualism, commensalism, and other types of interactions among prey species.

Question 16

Although constitutive defenses can be extremely effective, they can also be

Answer 16

expensive due to the energy and resources that must be devoted to producing and maintaining them.

Question 17

Inducible defenses

Answer 17

physical, chemical, or behavioral defensive traits that are induced in the prey in response to the presence of a predator. Decline in prey species if the predators leave the habitat. Efficient energetically, but they are slow – it takes time to produce them.

Question 18

Prey are typically

Answer 18

smaller than predators, have larger litter or clutch sizes, and tend to begin reproducing at a younger age. As a result, they have a much larger intrinsic growth rate. this quantity, symbolized rmax, is the maximum growth rate that a population can achieve under ideal conditions.

Question 19

Data indicate that in many instances, predators are efficient enough to

Answer 19

reduce prey populations below carrying capacity.

Question 20

Meta-analysis

Answer 20

study of studies, meaning an analysis of a large number of data sets on a particular question.

Question 21

Top-down control hypothesis

Answer 21

herbivore populations are limited by predation and disease. Predators and parasites remove herbivores that eat plants. As a result, a great deal of plant material remains uneaten.

Question 22

Bottom-up limitation hypothesis

Answer 22

plant tissues offer poor nutrition and are well defended. Herbivore numbers are limited because plant tissues offer poor nutrition, or that plant tissues aren’t eaten because they are toxic.