Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

French Revolution > Constitutional Monarchy: Reforming France 1789-1792 > Flashcards

Constitutional Monarchy: Reforming France 1789-1792 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
French flashcards AP® French flashcards
1
Q

What does decentralised mean?

A

Decision making devolved from the centre to the regions of a country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What were the areas of reform of the National Assembly

A
  • local government
  • taxation and finance
  • economy
  • legal system
  • the church
  • constitution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were the potential problems caused by the church? x5

A
  • the Catholic Church had huge influence
  • the church has global support
  • the church is enormously powerful
  • Catholic Church is run by the Pope in Rome
  • the church plays a significant role in French society
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What were the actions of the assembly - the catholic church had huge influence?

A

Protestant worship was legally recognised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What were the actions of the assembly - the church is enormously powerful?

A
  • church lost its privileges e.g. tax exemption
  • the National Assembly nationalised church land
  • tithe was abolished
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What were the actions of the assembly - Catholic Church is run by the pope in Rome?

A
  • the french government stopped paying annates (payments to the pope)
  • the government took over paying the wages of Parish Priests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What were the actions of the Assembly - the church plays a significant role in french society

A

Care for the poor became the responsibility of the government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were the 4 consequences of church reforms?

A
  • reaction of the pope
  • oath of loyalty
  • two churches
  • counter Revolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who were the key members of the Jacobin Club?

A
  • there were 1200 members by July 1790

- Maximilian Robespierre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who were the Jacobin Clubs supporters?

A

Sans-culottes

The rich - high entrance fee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What were the Jacobin Clubs key ideas? x8

A
  • members debated measures that were to come before the assembly
  • associated themselves with the ideas of the physiocrats (land=wealth)
  • ideology was based on a combination of enlightenment thought and revolutionary practice
  • rejected the notion of monarchy
  • highly political men of action
  • favoured centralisation of government in order to defend the republic
  • in the early years they advocated free trade
  • as the crises in the revolution grew, they became advocated for centralised government
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the significance of the Jacobin Club?

A

They enabled for the first time large numbers of people to become directly involved in the political life of their country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who were the members of the Cordeliers Club?

A
  • George Danton and Camille Desmoulins were lawyers
  • Jaques - René Hébert
  • Brissot (journalist)
  • Marat (chief spokesman)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who were the supporters of the Cordeliers Club?

A
  • working class - no membership fee

- sans-culottes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What were the Cordeliers club main ideas?

A
  • direct democracy where voters choose deputies
  • the recall of deputies to account for their actions, if these went against the wishes of the people
  • the right of insurrection-rebellion, if a government acted against popular wishes
  • anti-monarchy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What were the causes of the flight to Varennes?

A
  • Louis XVI was a devout man who deeply regretted accepting the civil constitution of the clergy- offended his conscience
  • fled from Paris-felt restricted by the Constituent Assembly, to Montmédy and put himself under the military commander of the area
  • hoped to renegotiate with Constituent Assembly
  • he hoped military action was unnecessary but was a danger that his flight might open up divisions and civil war
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What were the consequences of the flight for the king? x5

A
  • lost what remained of his popularity
  • people started to talk openly of replacing the monarchy with a republic
  • 16th July the assembly voted to suspend the king until the constitution was completed and until he swore to observe it
  • governing without the head of state would encourage those who favoured republicanism
  • lost trust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What were the consequences of the flight for the division among the Jacobins? x4

A
  • radicals were appalled when the king was not dethroned or put on trial
  • directed their anger at the Constituent assembly which they claimed no longer represented the people
  • most jacobin deputies break away from the club and form the Feuillants
  • most jacobin clubs stay loyal to the club
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What were the consequences of the flight for the Champs de Mars massacre? x5

A
  • 17th July 1791, 50,000 people flocked to the Champs de Mars, a huge field in Paris where they celebrated the fall of the Bastille
  • they were to sign a petition
  • the commune declared martial law
  • it sent Lafayette with the National Guard to the Champs de Mars, where the guards fired on the peaceful and unarmed crowd, about 50 were killed
  • this was the first clash between different groups in the third estate
20
Q

What is a non-juring clergy?

A

The bishops and priests who had refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the constitution

21
Q

What is a parlementaire?

A

Judges who held hereditary positions in one of the parlements

22
Q

What are army officers?

A

Following the flight to Varennes 6000 of these had emigrated

23
Q

What are emigres?

A

The collective name for all those who had fled France following the Revolution

24
Q

What were the consequences of the flight for the legislative assembly? x2

A
  • Once the king had accepted the constitution the assembly became the legislative assembly, they first met on 1st October 1791
  • Robespierre’s self-denying ordinance meant no one who had sat in the Constituent Assembly would have a seat in the legislative assembly
25
Q

What does the Legislative assembly look like?

A

136 Jacobin and Girondin
345 independents
264 Feuillants and constitutional monarchists

26
Q

Why was there unrest in rural areas?

A
  • in 1790 the peasantry were unhappy because many still owed feudal dues. This led to wide scale uprisings
  • the rural uprisings put pressure on the government (Jacobins)
  • the level of unrest leads to more extreme styles of government, which would lead to increased calls for an end to the monarchy
27
Q

Why was there unrest in urban areas?

A
  • the sans-culottes (urban workers) were also unhappy because of increased food prices, inflation
  • unrest in the towns was taken advantage of by the popular societies e.g The cordeliers club
  • the level or unrest leads to greater calls for a republic
28
Q

What did the deputies regard themselves as?

A

Products of Enlightenment and as such sought to end cruelty, superstition and poverty

29
Q

What did most people want by the end of 1789?

A

A constitutional monarchy, and there were a few regrets about the passing of the ancien regime

30
Q

What were the reforms to local government?

A
  • The deputies to the National Assembly wanted to make sure that power was decentralised, meaning it was in the hands of the local authorities and not the central government in Paris.
  • France was divided into 83 new divisions for local administration
  • 547 district
  • 43300 communes - cantons. Run by elected councils and many run by inexperienced people, some of whom were illiterate, 1 million people elected over a decade.
31
Q

Were the reforms to local government positive or negative and give an explanation?

A
  • Positive

- Much more democratic. Power is in the hands of the local people

32
Q

What were the reforms to taxation and finance?

A
  • Church land was nationalised, peasants bought 52%, 48% by bourgeoise
  • Taille (land), Capitation (people), Vingtiemes (income) tax was abolished, so was indirect taxes and the state monopoly on growing, distributing and selling tobacco, and tax farming
  • New tax System:
    >New direct taxes - contribution fonciere
    >Land tax with no exemptions or priveleges
    >Contribution mobilere - tax on moveable goods like grain, paid by active citizens
    >Potente - tax on commercial projects
33
Q

Were the reforms to taxation and finance positive or negative and give an explanation?

A
  • Positive and Negative
  • In theory these changes were very positive but the collection of taxes was still based on the tax rolls of the ancien regime
34
Q

What were the reforms to economy?

A
  • Moved to a Laissez-faire attitude
  • Abolition of internal tariffs and trade guilds
  • Banning of strike action
  • Government take over of poor relief
35
Q

Were the reforms to economy positive or negative and give an explanation?

A
  • Positive and more negative
  • Very good for big businesses, not so good for workers or the poorest in society
  • Bourgeoise now in charge/the Assembly
36
Q

What were the reforms to the legal system?

A
  • New System:
  • In cantons there was justice of peace. Their task was to persuade parties to come to an agreement, civil cases were dealt with in a district court
  • Criminal court where trials would be held in public before a jury
  • Head of judical system-court of Appeal, whose judges were elected by the department assembles/active citizens
  • Penal code made more humane
  • If to be a judge - had to have been a lawyer for 5 years
  • Less capital crimes
  • Guillotine introduced
  • Nationalised legal system
37
Q

Were the reforms to the legal system positive or negative and give an explanation?

A
  • Positive
  • Everyone is equal under the law
  • Fairer
  • More humane
38
Q

What were the reforms to the church?

A
  • The Civil Constitution of the clergy:
  • Each department would form a single diocese, no recognition of any bishop appointed by the Pope but not approved by the French State
  • All titles and offices were abolished, all priests and bishops elected, all elections were to be by ballot
  • Priests paid by the state
  • Members of the clergy were asked to swear an oath of loyalty to the constitution
39
Q

Were the reforms to the church positive or negative and give an explanation?

A
  • Negative
  • Leads to a big divide in the Church and therefore French society
  • The counter revolution movement gets a boost
40
Q

What were the reforms to the constitution?

A
  • New legislative assembly, elected every 2 years and would have significant power
  • The King had the right to appoint his ministers and military commanders
  • He was given a suspensive veto, although this could not be applied to financial or constitutional matters such as new taxes
  • He was dependent on the Assembly for his foreign policy, as he needed its consent before he could declare war
  • It was agreed that his office was subordinate (below) to the Assembly, as it passed the laws which the King had to obey
41
Q

Were the reforms to the constitution positive or negative?

A

Positive

42
Q

What was the reaction of the pope?

A
  • The pope didn’t immediately respond to the Civil Constitution of the clergy because he was involved in delicate negotiations with the French over the status of Avignon- territory controlled by the Pope in southern France
  • His eventual reaction was to condemn the Civil Constitution
43
Q

What was the Oath of Loyalty?

A
  • The clergy were asked to swear an oath of loyalty to the constitution
  • In the Assembly only two of the 44 bishops and a third of the other clergy took the oath
  • When the Pope condemned the Civil Constitution in March and April 1791, many clergy who had taken the oath retracted it
44
Q

Two Churches

A
  • After the introduction of the Civil Constitution there were now 2 Catholic Churches in France. One was the constitutional church, which accepted the Revolution but was rejected by Rome. The other was a non-jurying church of refractory priests, approved by the Pope but regarded by patriots as rejecting the Revolution
  • According to Nigel Aston, for the general population, it meant that there was a stark choice between religion and revolution, half the adult population rejected revolution
45
Q

Counter Revolution

A
  • The Counter Revolution benefited from the conflict between church and state as it received mass support for the first time. Before this, it had been supported only by a few royalists and emigres
  • The legislative Assembly attempted to take control of the situation in May 1792 by taking a firmer line with those priests who refused to take the oath by passing a measure which enabled their deportation, if twenty citizens were prepared to denounce them
  • Many villagers complained that the Assembly was trying to change their religion, especially when refractory priests were expelled. They felt a sense of betrayal which, combined with their hostility to other measures of the Assembly, such as conscription, was to lead to open revolt in 1793 in areas like the Vendee

French Revolution (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions