Constitutional Law Flashcards
dContent based restrictions on speech- what level of scrutiny
Strict scrutiny= compelling govt interest and narrowly tailored
How is funding to religious schools allowed acc to SC
if the funding is directed to parents to use for any school and it is through individual choice that they choose to use it for religious schools
What does this trigger- ‘similarly situated people being treated differently’
Equal protection clause 14th am
The 5th am applies to who?
The fed govt
States can regulate interstate commerce but what is the restriction?
Can’t UNDULY BURDEN interstate commerce
What is the only am that applies to private parties and NOT govt actors
13t am- badges and incidents of slavery
Is a conviction necessary for a pardon
No
is employment a fundamental right
NO. but a govt job may give you a property right in that job
Who does the CONTRACT clause apply to
ONLY to the STATES
What are the three fundamental rights
- privacy (including marriage, contraception, kids)
- travel
- vote
What does the Takings Clause apply to
Real property
Are sincerely held religious beliefs absolutely protected?
Yes
Is religious conduct absolutely protected
NOOOOOO
Does a tax payer have standing
Not for general federal expenditures. They can challenge legislation BY CONGRESS in violation of the Establishment class NOT for anything else
What does article IV Privilege and Immunities clause apply to?
state discriminating against out of state people.
NOTE - it is ok to discriminate with respect JUST to RECREATIONAL activities
Can an action be based just on the Necessary and Proper clause?
NO- Necessary and Proper must always be connected to another power
Do you have standing if you are just thinking about x and planning something
NO
Does the President’s power to pardon extend to impeachment
NO
Does govt speech have to be viewpoint neutral
No
What are the elements required for a regulation on Expressive Conduct to be upheld
1- furthers an important govt interest
2- interest is NOT related to Suppression of ideas
3- burden on speech is no greater than necessary
When are laws regulating religious conduct ok?
Laws are subject to strict scrutiny UNLESS they are NEUTRAL law of general applicability
Define the free exercise of religion in regards to religious beliefs
citizens have the freedom to believe in any religion or none and it can’t be restricted by law.
Govt can’t deny benefits or impose burdens on religious beliefs
what type of suits are barred by 11th am
suits by citizens of one state suing ANOTHER STATE
suits by citizens suing their OWN STATE
what is adequate and independent state grounds
If a state law fully resolves the matter, the SC can’t review the final state court decision
What is required for a tax by Congress to be upheld
must be rationally/reasonably related to revenue production
What branch of the Congress impeaches
House of Representatives impeaches by Majority vote
Senate convicts by 2/3 vote
What is required for a claim to be ripe
P has experienced real injury
When will a case not be dismissed as moot
If capable of repetition and could evade review
what does the 10th am do
All powers not assigned in the constitution to the Fed govt are reserved to the states or the people
What is procedural due process
Get notice and hearing before deprivation of life, property or liberty
What are three requirements for permissible TIME, Place, Manner restrictions on Speech
- Content neutral
- NARROWLY tailored to SIGNIFICANT state interest
- leave open alternate channels of communication of info
Under the commerce clause, what power does Congress have?
To regulate any activity that by itself or in the aggregea has a substantial economic effect on interstate commerce
What is the Commandeering Act
Congress can’t tell the states to enact specific legislation or to enforce a federal program
Under the 11th am, can an individual sue a state OFFICIAL
Yes- for injunctive relief
The general rule is that states can’t enact legislation that discriminates against out of state commerce but what are the exceptions when a state can?
- When the state is a market participant
- When it is necessary to an important State interest and no other non discriminatory means are available
- subsidies
What type of offenses can a President pardon a person for?
Federal
3 key elements for standing
INJURY IN FACT
CAUSATION
REDRESSABILITY
suspect classifications when strict scrutiny will apply under Equal protection
race, ethnicity, national origin
When is intermediate scrutiny applied under equal protection
Sex and legitimacy (non marital kid)
When can states tax the Fed govt
Only when the tax is indirect and does not unreasonably burden the Feds. I.e state income tax on Fed employees
When is public employment a property interest?
if there is an employment contract or they can only be fired for cause
Times when a govt CAN restrict speech based on CONTENT
obscenity, fighting words, true threat, incitement to violence, defamation, commercial speech
If there is NO fed regulation on the matter, a state can regulate commerce if…
- it doesn’t discriminate against out of state people
- it doesn’t unduly burden interstate commerce
- it doesn’t apply only to out of state activities
How can a Pres veto a bill, how can Congress override it
pres can veto a bill within 10 days. Once it is vetoed, it can be overridden by 2/3 vote in each house
Standard for govt to regulate speech in a NON public forum
- viewpoint neutral
- REASONABLY related to LEGITIMATE govt interest
What is rational basis review
law is rationally related to legitimate govt interest
What is intermediate scrutiny
Law is substantially related to important govt interest
To trigger EP/ Strict scrutiny you must show discriminatory……
INTENT
what are 1983 claims for
deprivation by a person acting under color of law at any level of govt
What does the commerce clause give the power to regulate
- channels
- instrumentalities
- any activities that substantially affects interstate commerce
Can President remove executive appointees without cause
Yes
Can the president declare war
No- but he can take military action.
Only congress can declare war
Who has the exclusive power to negotiate treatites
President. Ratified by 2/3 vote of Senate
Does the fed govt have power to regulate states
Fed govt has virtually unlimited power to regulate states as long as Congress is exercising enumerated powers
Can state regulations favor state businesses
Yes if the businesses are performing a traditional govt function like waste disposal
Can a non discriminatory state regulation be struck down
Yes, if it imposes an undue burden on interstate commerce and less restrictive alternatives are available
What type of segregation in schools violates Equal Protection
Only De Jure (intentional). De Facto segregation like in residential areas is ok
What level of scrutiny is applied to Affirmative Action programs
Strict scrutiny to any programs that favor ethnic or racial minorities
What is a Bill of attainder
Law that declares a person or group guilty of some crime and punishes them w/o trial.
This is PROHIBITED
What does the Establishment clause prevent
Govt can’t give preference to one religion over another or religion over non -religion.
What is the “new” test for the Establishment clause
Historical practices. Strict scrutiny applies but if it has been historically done it is ok
Is aid to religious schools allowed
yes, if the aid is secular, distributed to all schools, acc to religiously neutral criteria
Are tuition vouchers for use at religious or non religious schools ok
Yes- parents can exercise choice
Can a state deny public funds to a student pursing a religious career
Yes
Can a school prohibit the teaching of Darwinism
NO
Can a school have a non denominational prayer
NO
When is a law void for vagueness
If it fails to provide fair notice of what is prohibited
Can a state compelling a private place like a shopping mall to allow individuals to exercise their own free speech rights there
Yes- if the mall is open to the public and the message is not likely to be attributable to the mall
What is a contribution
money given to individual candidates. govt can limit contributions to individual candidates to avoid corruption- statues subject to intermediate scrutiny
Is there a limit on political expenditures
No- limits on expenditures are subject to strict scrutiny, including expenditures by corporations or union
3 types of forums
traditional public
designated public
non public
what is a public forum
historically associated with expression like a street, sidewalk, park.
What is a designated public forum
govt has opened for use- like civic auditorium, school classroom after hours, town own building
For traditional public forums and designated public forums what must a restriction on speech be?
- content neutral to subject matter and viewpoint
- narrowly tailored to serve SIGNIFICANT govt interest
-Leave open alternative channels of communication
For a non public forum, how can a govt regulate speech there?
- regulation must just be viewpoint neutral
Regulation must be reasonably related to legit govt interest
an the govt regulate speech on a person’s own property
NO- no first am right to express oneself on someone else’s private property
what is the test for obscenity
1- appeals to prurient interest
2. depicts sexual conduct in offensive way
3. lacks artistic, literary, political, scientific value
What is the test for incitement to violence
Got can forbid speech that advocates use of force or violence if the speech is directed o producing/inciting IMMINENT lawless action or is likely to incite such action- poses a clear and present danger
Test for restrictions on commercial speech
- commercial speech must concern lawful activity and not be false or misleading
2; substantial govt interest
3.regulation directly advances that interest - narrowly tailored
When can media’s right to attend trials be overruled
If the judges finds an overriding interest that can not be accommodated by less restrictive means
Is there a constitutional right for media to protect sources
NO
Content based regulations of cable broadcasters are subject to what level of scrutiny
strict
regulation of internet content is subject to what level of scrutiny
strict
disproportionate IMPACT–>
rational basis test
discriminatory INTENT–>
strict or intermediate scrutiny
Can congress make a law that treats citizens and non citizens differently.
YES- b/c congress has power over immigration and naturalization under Article 1. So Congress CAN discriminate against non citizens but states usually CAN NOT
When are judges NOT immune from judicial decisions
if the ct clearly lacked subject matter jurisdiction at the time the action was taken
if a federal statute REQUIRES state officials to do xyzzy is it constitutional?
NO- violates 10th am, anti commandeering