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Bpk 305 > Constitutes Of Blood > Flashcards

Constitutes Of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Average blood volume

A

5L

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2
Q

Plasma %

A

60%

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3
Q

Hematocrit %

A

40%

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4
Q

What is hematocrit

A

Erythrocytes only

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5
Q

Leukocyte %

A

<5%

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6
Q

Thrombocyte %

A

<1% (platelets)

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7
Q

What are some things in plasma?

A

Water, electrolytes (Na, Ca, H, HCO3), proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), gases, nutrients, waste

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8
Q

What % of plasma is water?

A

92%

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9
Q

What % of plasma is proteins? And what are the proteins?

A

7%
Albumin (mostly), globulin, fibrinogen

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10
Q

What is the waste in plasma?

A

Urea, creatine, Uric acid, bilirubin

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11
Q

What is the majority type of blood cell in our body?

A

Erythrocytes. RBC

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12
Q

Are their more platelets or leukocytes in our body

A

Platelets. 250,000 to 7,000 WBC

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13
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Generation of blood cells

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14
Q

What cell is the majority produced by hematopoiesis (give %)

A

Leukocytes 75%

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15
Q

What blood cells are made by hematopoiesis and %

A

RBC 20-25%
WBC 75%
Platelets whatever % left

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16
Q

Role of cytokines

A

Regulate hematopoiesis

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17
Q

What are the types of cytokines

A

Colony stimulating factors
TPO- thrombopoietin
EPO- erythropoietin

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18
Q

What type of cytokine do leukocytes use

A

Colony stimulating factors

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19
Q

What type of cytokine do RBC’s use

A

EPO- erythropoietin

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20
Q

What kind of cytokine do platelets use

A

TPO- thrombopoeitin

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21
Q

How long to RBC’s a d WBC’s survive

A

Erythrocytes 90-120 days
Leukocytes hours-days

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22
Q

Where are blood cells made

A

Only In red bone marrow (after 5 yrs old)

23
Q

Where can we find red bone marrow

A

End of long bones, cranium, spine, pelvis, ribs, sternum

24
Q

What is required for hemoglobin production

A

Iron, B12, Folic Acid

25
Q

How many oxygen mcs does hemoglobin bind? And how does it bind?

A

Binds 4 (4 subunits)
Binds cooperatively- binding of one mc facilitates binding of another

26
Q

What is contained in each globin subunit?

A

Each has a heme group which contains iron

27
Q

What does oxygen directly bind to in hemoglobin

A

Iron (4 iron per Hb. One per subunit).

28
Q

What are the types of antigens on RBC

A

A, B, Rh

29
Q

With regards to the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin. What does P50 describe? And what value does it occur?

A

P50 is the pressure of oxygen needed to have 50% saturation of hemoglobin.
Occurs at 27 mm Hg PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)

30
Q

What factors can effect hematocrit levels?

A

Altitude (increases)
Sex (lower in women)
Athletes (increases)

31
Q

How are RBC regulated? (When are more produced/less produced)

A

Oxygen - via EPO
Nutritional status - Fe
Menstruation/hemorrhage
Hormones- that regulate plasma volume
Vitamin B12 complex
Folic acid

32
Q

What causes anemia?

A

Insufficient hemoglobin

33
Q

What are the types of anemia

A

Hypochromic
Megloblastic
Hemolytic
Aplastic

34
Q

What is the cause of Hypochromic anemia?

A

Low Hb in RBC caused by Fe deficiency

35
Q

What is the cause of Megaloblastic anemia?

A

Pernicious- B12 deficiency (harmful)
Non-pernicious- Folic acid deficiency (not harmful)

36
Q

What causes hemolytic anemia

A

Fragile RBC

37
Q

What causes aplastic anemia

A

Low RBC production

38
Q

Where is EPO made

A

Erythropoietin made in kidney (adrenal cortex)

39
Q

Where are RBC destroyed?

A

Spleen

40
Q

What is a major product of RBC breakdown

A

Bilirubin

41
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Hyperbilirubinaemia
Bilirubin levels too high (in babies)

42
Q

What fixes jaundice condition?

A

Increased urinary excretion of bilirubin

43
Q

What do endothelial cells produce?

A

Prostacyclin

44
Q

What is the role of prostacyclin

A

Keep platelets soluble

45
Q

When endothelial cells are injured/ruptured what process occurs? Explain steps

A

Platelets must aggregate- clotting cascade
Steps: injury to endothelial cells causes prostacyclin production to be reduced. exposed collagen due to injury binds and activates platelets

46
Q

Important components of clotting cascade

A

Factors I-XIII , Serotonin (5-HT), ADP, Thromboxane A2

47
Q

What are the types of white blood cells

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes—> macrophages
Lymphocytes—> plasma cells

48
Q

What leukocytes are considered polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs)?

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

49
Q

What is the major type of WBC

A

Neutrophils 50-70%

50
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Neutralize foreign substances

51
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A

Destroy invading parasites and cells

52
Q

Function of basophils

A

form mast cells
1 Release histamines
2 mediate allergic response and inflammation

53
Q

Function of monocytes

A

differentiate into macrophages
1. ingest invaders
2. Antigen presentation

54
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A
  1. Natural killers
    B cells - produce antibodies
    T cells- not specific

Bpk 305 (10 decks)

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