Constitutes Of Blood

Question 1

Average blood volume

Answer 1

5L

Question 2

Plasma %

Answer 2

60%

Question 3

Hematocrit %

Answer 3

40%

Question 4

What is hematocrit

Answer 4

Erythrocytes only

Question 5

Leukocyte %

Answer 5

<5%

Question 6

Thrombocyte %

Answer 6

<1% (platelets)

Question 7

What are some things in plasma?

Answer 7

Water, electrolytes (Na, Ca, H, HCO3), proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), gases, nutrients, waste

Question 8

What % of plasma is water?

Answer 8

92%

Question 9

What % of plasma is proteins? And what are the proteins?

Answer 9

7%
Albumin (mostly), globulin, fibrinogen

Question 10

What is the waste in plasma?

Answer 10

Urea, creatine, Uric acid, bilirubin

Question 11

What is the majority type of blood cell in our body?

Answer 11

Erythrocytes. RBC

Question 12

Are their more platelets or leukocytes in our body

Answer 12

Platelets. 250,000 to 7,000 WBC

Question 13

What is hematopoiesis

Answer 13

Generation of blood cells

Question 14

What cell is the majority produced by hematopoiesis (give %)

Answer 14

Leukocytes 75%

Question 15

What blood cells are made by hematopoiesis and %

Answer 15

RBC 20-25%
WBC 75%
Platelets whatever % left

Question 16

Role of cytokines

Answer 16

Regulate hematopoiesis

Question 17

What are the types of cytokines

Answer 17

Colony stimulating factors
TPO- thrombopoietin
EPO- erythropoietin

Question 18

What type of cytokine do leukocytes use

Answer 18

Colony stimulating factors

Question 19

What type of cytokine do RBC’s use

Answer 19

EPO- erythropoietin

Question 20

What kind of cytokine do platelets use

Answer 20

TPO- thrombopoeitin

Question 21

How long to RBC’s a d WBC’s survive

Answer 21

Erythrocytes 90-120 days
Leukocytes hours-days

Question 22

Where are blood cells made

Answer 22

Only In red bone marrow (after 5 yrs old)

Question 23

Where can we find red bone marrow

Answer 23

End of long bones, cranium, spine, pelvis, ribs, sternum

Question 24

What is required for hemoglobin production

Answer 24

Iron, B12, Folic Acid

Question 25

How many oxygen mcs does hemoglobin bind? And how does it bind?

Answer 25

Binds 4 (4 subunits) Binds cooperatively- binding of one mc facilitates binding of another

Question 26

What is contained in each globin subunit?

Answer 26

Each has a heme group which contains iron

Question 27

What does oxygen directly bind to in hemoglobin

Answer 27

Iron (4 iron per Hb. One per subunit).

Question 28

What are the types of antigens on RBC

Answer 28

A, B, Rh

Question 29

With regards to the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin. What does P50 describe? And what value does it occur?

Answer 29

P50 is the pressure of oxygen needed to have 50% saturation of hemoglobin. Occurs at 27 mm Hg PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)

Question 30

What factors can effect hematocrit levels?

Answer 30

Altitude (increases) Sex (lower in women) Athletes (increases)

Question 31

How are RBC regulated? (When are more produced/less produced)

Answer 31

Oxygen - via EPO Nutritional status - Fe Menstruation/hemorrhage Hormones- that regulate plasma volume Vitamin B12 complex Folic acid

Question 32

What causes anemia?

Answer 32

Insufficient hemoglobin

Question 33

What are the types of anemia

Answer 33

Hypochromic Megloblastic Hemolytic Aplastic

Question 34

What is the cause of Hypochromic anemia?

Answer 34

Low Hb in RBC caused by Fe deficiency

Question 35

What is the cause of Megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 35

Pernicious- B12 deficiency (harmful) Non-pernicious- Folic acid deficiency (not harmful)

Question 36

What causes hemolytic anemia

Answer 36

Fragile RBC

Question 37

What causes aplastic anemia

Answer 37

Low RBC production

Question 38

Where is EPO made

Answer 38

Erythropoietin made in kidney (adrenal cortex)

Question 39

Where are RBC destroyed?

Answer 39

Spleen

Question 40

What is a major product of RBC breakdown

Answer 40

Bilirubin

Question 41

What causes jaundice?

Answer 41

Hyperbilirubinaemia Bilirubin levels too high (in babies)

Question 42

What fixes jaundice condition?

Answer 42

Increased urinary excretion of bilirubin

Question 43

What do endothelial cells produce?

Answer 43

Prostacyclin

Question 44

What is the role of prostacyclin

Answer 44

Keep platelets soluble

Question 45

When endothelial cells are injured/ruptured what process occurs? Explain steps

Answer 45

Platelets must aggregate- clotting cascade Steps: injury to endothelial cells causes prostacyclin production to be reduced. exposed collagen due to injury binds and activates platelets

Question 46

Important components of clotting cascade

Answer 46

Factors I-XIII , Serotonin (5-HT), ADP, Thromboxane A2

Question 47

What are the types of white blood cells

Answer 47

Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils Monocytes—> macrophages Lymphocytes—> plasma cells

Question 48

What leukocytes are considered polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs)?

Answer 48

Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils

Question 49

What is the major type of WBC

Answer 49

Neutrophils 50-70%

Question 50

Function of neutrophils

Answer 50

Neutralize foreign substances

Question 51

Function of Eosinophils

Answer 51

Destroy invading parasites and cells

Question 52

Function of basophils

Answer 52

*form mast cells* 1 Release histamines 2 mediate allergic response and inflammation

Question 53

Function of monocytes

Answer 53

*differentiate into macrophages* 1. ingest invaders 2. Antigen presentation

Question 54

Function of lymphocytes

Answer 54

1. Natural killers B cells - produce antibodies T cells- not specific