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Haematology Week 1 > Constituents of Blood and Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Constituents of Blood and Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a specialised fluid - what is it composed of?

A

Cells suspended in a liquid known as plasma

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2
Q

What are the three main groups of cells found in blood? What are their rough functions?

A

Red blood cells to transport oxygen / white blood cells to fight infection / platelets to prevent bleeding

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3
Q

Blood cells are derived from what?

A

Haemopoietic stem cells

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4
Q

Where is blood produced in an embryo? Then where from 3rd-7th months?

A

Yolk sac, then liver and spleen, then bone marrow / spleen

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5
Q

Where is most blood produced at birth?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What happens to the number of active sites of bone marrow from birth - maturity? By adult life, where is blood produced?

A

The number of active sites decreases / the axial skeleton only

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7
Q

What do stem cells have to do in order to continue producing blood cells?

A

Self-renew

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8
Q

Long term and short term haemopoietic stem cells differentiate into what?

A

Multipotent progenitors (MPP cells)

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9
Q

MPP cells can differentiate into what? What can determine this?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid progenitors / can be determined based on what the demand for each type is

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10
Q

What mature blood cell can come from both myeloid and lymphoid progenitors?

A

Dendritic cells

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11
Q

What mature cells differentiate from a myeloid progenitor?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes and macrophages

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12
Q

What mature cells differentiate from a lymphoid progenitor?

A

B, T and NK cells (i.e. lymphocytes)

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13
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The development of red blood cells

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14
Q

What are the 4 main stages of erythropoiesis?

A

Pronormoblast, early/intermediate/late normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

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15
Q

What happens in erythropoiesis between the normoblast and reticulocyte stages?

A

Change from being within bone marrow to within the circulation / the nucleus is left behind

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16
Q

What is special about granulocytes? What are the 3 examples?

A

They contain granules which are easily visible on light microscopy / neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

17
Q

Which cell structure is this describing: segmented nucleus, neutral staining granules?

A

Neutrophils

18
Q

Which cell structure is this describing: usually bi-lobed, bright orange/red granules?

A

Eosinophils

19
Q

Which cell structure is this describing: infrequent in the circulation, large deep purple granules obscuring the nucleus?

A

Basophils

20
Q

Which cell structure is this describing: large single nucleus, faintly staining granules, often vacuolated?

A

Monocytes

21
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytose invaders and kill with granule contents

22
Q

When are neutrophils increased?

A

By body stress e.g. infection, trauma, infarction

23
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Fight parasitic infections, involved in hypersensitivity

24
Q

When are eosinophils increased?

A

In patients with allergic conditions

25
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Circulating version of mast cells, mediate hypersensitivity reactions

26
Q

Granules found in basophils contain what?

A

Histamine

27
Q

Monocytes circulate in the blood for how long? They then become what?

A

1 week / macrophages

28
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytose invaders, kill them and then present the antigen to lymphocytes

29
Q

What are some examples of lymphocytes?

A

NK cells, T and B cells

30
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A

Cognate the response to infection

31
Q

What are the main ways of recognising primitive precursors?

A

Immunophenotyping and bio-assays

32
Q

How do we examine the peripheral blood?

A

Peripheral blood film and microscopic appearance

Haematology Week 1 (11 decks)

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