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Haematology > Constituents of Blood and Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Constituents of Blood and Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

The average adult blood volume is __1____ and is made up of 45% ___2___ and 50% ___3_____

A

1) 4.5-6l
2) formed elements
3) plasma

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2
Q

Describe simply the constituents of blood?

A

Blood can be split into plasma and formed elements
Formed elements can be divided into red cells, white cells and platelets
white cells can be divided into granulocytes (includes neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and agranulocytes (includes lymphocytes and monocytes)

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3
Q

Explain what plasma is?

A

This is a solution that suspends all of the other parts of blood
It is made up of 91.5% water
It acts as a solvent for important proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases and other substances essential to life

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4
Q

How are the granulocytes named?

A

granulocytes contain granules that are easily visible on light microscopy
they are named according to their uptake of stains

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5
Q

What is another name for neutrophils?

A

polymorphs

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6
Q

Neutrophils are called so because ____1_____ they have a short life in circulation because _____2____ their structure is _____3_____

A

1) don’t take up much eosin or basic dye
2) they transit to other tissues to phagocytose invaders
3) segmented nucleus

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7
Q

When may neutrophils be increased?

A

body stress e.g. infection, trauma, infarction

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8
Q

What is the most common white blood cell?

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

Eosinophils are called so because __1____ they play a role in ____2___ and are often involved in ____3______ their structure is ____4_____

A

1) take up eosin dye which stains red
2) fighting parasitic infections
3) hypersensitivity reactions
4) bilobed nucleus with red granules

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10
Q

Who may eosinophils be increased in?

A

patients with allergic conditions e.g. asthma, allergic rhinitis

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11
Q

Basophils are called so because _____1_____ they are the circulating version of _____2_____ but their ______3_____ they play a role in hypersensitivity reactions, the evidence for this is ____4_____ their structure is ___5____

A

1) take up basic dyes which stain blue/ purple
2) tissue mast cells
3) role is not entirely clear
4) they have Fc Receptors which bind IgE and their granules contain histamine
5) lots of large deep purple granules that often obscure the nucleus

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12
Q

What is the least common white blood cell?

A

basophils

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13
Q

How are the agranulocytes named?

A

they are named so because they do not contain granules that are easily visible on light microscopy (this does not mean that they don’t contain granules)

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14
Q

Monocytes circulate for _____1_____ they are much longer lived than ___2____ their structure is ___3_____

A

1) a week and enter tissues to become macrophages which phagocytose invaders
2) neutrophils
3) largest blood cells, non-lobulated nucleus which often appears kidney bean shaped

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15
Q

Which white blood cell is a precursor to macrophages?

A

monocytes

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16
Q

Lymphocytes are the ___1___ and involved in response to ___2___ their structure is ___3___

A

1) brains of the immune system
2) response to infection
3) condensed nucleus with rim of cytoplasm

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17
Q

Haematopoeisis is _______

A

the term for production of blood cells

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18
Q

The haematopoietic system includes __________

A 
the bone marrow
spleen
liver 
lymph nodes
thymus
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19
Q

Blood islands are formed in the yolk sac in the 3rd week gestation and produce ___1____ which migrate to ___2_____ these organs are the ______3_________ from 6 weeks to 7 months gestation when the ___4_____ becomes the main source of blood cells

A

1) primitive blood cells
2) liver and spleen
3) chief sites of haematopoiesis
4) bone marrow

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20
Q

During most of pregnancy what are the chief sites of haematopoiesis in the fetus?

A

liver and spleen

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21
Q

In childhood and adult life the _______ is the only source of blood cells in a normal person

A

bone marrow

22
Q

Describe how the areas of haematopoiesis change from birth as the child grows?

A

at birth haematopoiesis is present in the marrow of nearly every bone, as the child grows the active red marrow is replaced by fat (yellow marrow) so that haematopoiesis in the adult is confined to the central skeleton and the proximal ends of long bones, only if demand for blood cells increases and persists does the areas of red marrow extend

23
Q

Pathological processes interfering with normal haematopoiesis may result in resumption of haematopoietic activity in ____1______ which is known as __2____

A

1) spleen or liver

2) extramedullarly haematopoiesis

24
Q

All blood cells are derived from _________

A

pluripotent stem cells

25
Q

What 2 key properties do pluripotent stem cells have?

A

self renewal

proliferation and differentiation into progenitor cells committed to one specific cell line

26
Q

Pluripotenitial stem cells differentiate into mature blood cells through intermediate progenitor cells which ______________

A

have lost ability to self renew but have high proliferative capacity

27
Q

Progenitor cells can be broadly classed as _________

A

lymphoid (gives rise to lymphocytes)

myeloid (gives rise to all non-lymphocyte cells)

28
Q

As you move down the haematopoietic tree ________

A

cells and nucleus becomes smaller, DNA is condensed as genes not needed for a specific cell are switched off

29
Q

What are the largest type of blood cells?

A

monocytes

30
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

7-8 hours

31
Q

What are blast cells?

A

nucleated precursor cells e.g. erythroblasts, lymphoblasts, myeloblasts

32
Q

Megkaryocytes are ____ploid

A

polyploid

33
Q

What are myelocytes?

A

nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

34
Q

Define self renewal?

A

a property of stem cells, lost in descendants

35
Q

Define proliferation?

A

increase in numbers

36
Q

Define differentiation?

A

descendants commit to one or more lineages

37
Q

Define maturation?

A

descendants acquire functional properties and may stop proliferating

38
Q

Define apoptosis?

A

descendants undergo cell death

39
Q

Cellularity of bone marrow _______ with age

A

decrease

40
Q

How do you calculate someones estimated bone marrow cellularity?

A

subtract someone’s age from 100

so someone age 80 has estimated bone marrow cellularity of 20%

41
Q

Where is a bone marrow biopsy taken from in adults?

A

iliac crest or sternum

because red marrow is only found in the axial skeleton

42
Q

In young children where is a bone marrow biopsy taken from?

A

tibial shaft

because red marrow is found in more bones

43
Q

Apart from bone marrow biopsy what other techniques can be used to sample marrow?

A

new technique where marrow can be mobilised into the blood for collection and transplantation

44
Q

Where is the bone marrow located in the bone?

A

cortical hard bone on outside

bone marrow is in between the spongy bone in the inside

45
Q

How do mature cells reach the circulation from the bone marrow?

A

there are sinusoids in the bone marrow which are gaps that mature cells can go through where they reach the circulation from the blood network in the bone

46
Q

What is the myeloid: erythroid ratio?

A

relationship of neutrophils and precursors to proportion of nucleated red cell precursors (ranges from 1.5: 1 to 3.3: 1 and can be changed in certain conditions e.g. haemolysis causing a compensatory response)

47
Q

How can we assess haemopoiesis in non-lymphoid mature cells?

A

routine (and usually sufficient)- blood count, cell indices and morphology

less common- bone marrow examination

48
Q

How can we assess haemopoiesis in mature lymphoid cells?

A

immunophenotyping- expression of antigens indicating lineage or stage of development is often required

cytochemistry - rarely used

49
Q

How can we assess haemopoiesis in progenitor/ stem cells?

A

cells are morphologically indistinguishable so main method used is immunophenotyping, others include clogenic assays or animal models

50
Q

What is immunophenotyping?

A

uses specific antibodies to identify cell antigens and cell type- e.g. labelling with fluorescent antibodies

Haematology (12 decks)

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