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HAEMATOLOGY > Constituents of Blood and Haematopoeisis > Flashcards

Constituents of Blood and Haematopoeisis Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

cells suspended in liquid plasma

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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the blood?

A

Fight infection
Transport oxygen
Prevent bleeding

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4
Q

How are blood cells made? What cells do they come from?

A

haematopoiesis = formation of blood cells

small pool of pluripotent stem cells produce all types of blood cells

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5
Q

Describe the sites of haematopoeisis in an embryo compared to that of an adult?

A

Embryo = Haematopoiesis in Yolk sac -> liver -> Bone marrow

Adult = not all bones contain bone marrow
Haematopoiesis is restricted to:
- skull, ribs sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur
- aka the AXIAL skeleton

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6
Q

What happens to a stem cell in order to make blood

A
  • Proliferation
  • Differentiation
  • Development of special features of the end cell type
  • Stem cells need to be able to self renew
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7
Q

What are the main 2 lineages that a stem cell can follow whilst differentiating into a blood cell?

A

Myeloid lineage - eventually forms RBCs, platelets, granulocytes and macrophages

OR
Lymphoid lineage - eventually forms T cells, B cells and Natural Killer cells

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8
Q

Describe what happens to the size of most blood cells as they mature?

A

Get smaller as cells continue to divide
=> cytoplasm always budding off to create other cells
=> primitive cell larger than mature cells

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9
Q

What is erythropoeisis?

A

Formation of RBCs

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10
Q

How does the red blood cell differ in the blood from in the bone marrow?

A

In marrow - nucleus still formed and working

Once enters the blood stream, nucleus no longer functions

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11
Q

What is the name given to an immature RBC in the bloodstream?

A

Reticulocyte

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12
Q

How are platelets formed?

A
  • Nuclei divide but cytoplasm does not
  • takes place in megakaryocyte (many nuclei)
  • Cytoplasm buds off and forms platelets
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13
Q

What are the main functions of RBCs, WBCs and platelets?

A

Red cells:

  • Carry oxygen
  • Buffer CO2

Platelets:
- Stop bleeding

White cells

  • Fight infection
  • cancer prevention
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14
Q

What are the main types of granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils (take up eosin stain => red)
Basophils (take up basic stain => purple)
Neutrophils (take up both stains => neutral)

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15
Q

What is the noticeable feature of a neutrophil?

A

segmented nucleus (polymorph - as no nuclei look exactly the same)

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16
Q

What are the main functions of neutrophils?

A
  • Phagocytose invaders
  • Kill with granule contents (die in process)
  • Attract other cells to site
17
Q

What increases the number of neutrophils present in the bloodstream?

A

body stress:

  • infection
  • trauma
  • infarction

Some drugs can also raise neutrophil count as they make it harder for them to escape the bloodstream
- e.g. steroids

18
Q

Describe the normal structure of eosinophils

A
  • Usually bi-lobed

- Bright orange/red granules

19
Q

What are the main functions of eosinophils?

A
  • Fight parasitic infections

- Elevated in hypersensitivity/ atopy

20
Q

Describe the normal structure of a basophil in the circulation?

A
  • Infrequently found in the circulation

- Large deep purple granules often obscure nucleus

21
Q

What are the main functions of basophils?

A
  • Circulating version of tissue mast cell
    => Mediates hypersensitivity reactions and bind IgE
  • Granules also contain histamine
22
Q

What are monocytes and what is their function?

A
  • Large single nucleus cells

Function

  • Circulate for 1 week
  • Then enter tissues to become macrophages
  • Phagocytose invaders
  • Present antigen to lymphocytes
  • Attract other cells to site
23
Q

Describe the structure of a lymphocyte

A

Mature = small with condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm

Activated (atypical) = large with plentiful blue cytoplasm extending round neighbouring red cells

  • ALSO nucleus more ‘open’ structure
  • This suggests patient is fighting a viral infection
24
Q

How are the primitive precursors of blood cells identified?

A

Immunophenotyping
- analysis of proteins (antigens) on surface

Bio-assays
- Culture in vitro and show lineage

25
Q

HOw can we examine patients in haematology?

A
  • Look at peripheral blood
  • Look at bone marrow (+ Specialised tests of marrow)
  • Look at other sites of blood production => splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy
26
Q

Where is the most common site for bone marrow aspiration or biopsy?

A

Posterior iliac crests

27
Q

What is the difference between a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?

A

Aspiration - cells removed are mixed and spread onto a film for analysis

Biopsy - solid sample is taken and sliced like in pathology

28
Q

What name is given to a bone marrow biopsy?

A

trephine biopsy

HAEMATOLOGY (24 decks)

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