constipation management & topical meds

Question 1

Laxative

Answer 1

is a medicine that loosens the bowel contents and encourages evacuation.
• A laxative with a mild or gentle effect on the
bowel is also known as an aperient, one with a
strong effect is referred to as a cathartic or a
purgative.
• “LAXATIVES MUST NOT BE USED TO TREAT
UNDIAGNOSED ABDOMINAL PAIN, NAUSEA OR
VOMITING”

Question 2

Types of Laxatives:

Answer 2

• Osmotic and Saline Laxatives
• Bulk Laxatives
• Stimulant Laxatives
• Lubricant laxatives

Question 3

ANTIDIARRHOEAL AGENTS

Answer 3

• To relief of symptoms & prevention of fluid
& electrolyte loss.
• These drugs should not be used in infants
& children with acute diarrhoea, as their
use may delay expulsion of organisms and
does not reduce fluid & electrolyte loss.

Question 4

Opiod antidiarrhoeals:

Answer 4

• Action: reduces secretions and Inhibits propulsive
movements in the gut.
• Adverse effects:
– Nausea, Vomiting,
– Dizziness, drowsiness
– Constipation
• Examples: Codeine Phosphate (Panadeine),
Loperamide (Imodium , Gastro-stop) &
DDiphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil)

Question 5

absorbents (antidiarrhoeals)

Answer 5

• Action: coat the intestinal mucosa
adsorbing the bacteria or toxins causing
the diarrhoea and passing them out with
the stools
• Examples: Aluminium Hydroxide
(Kaomagma), Kaolin & Pectin

Question 6

Ophthalmic Preparations

Answer 6

• This term relates to any treatment that is
delivered into the eye, namely eye drops
and ointments.
• Common examples include:
– Glaucoma treatment
– ‘Dry’ eye drops
– Atropine eye drops
– Antihistamine preparations
– Antibacterial preparations

Question 7

Glaucoma Treatment

Answer 7

• Treatments aim to reduce intraocular
pressure (Ocular hypertension).
• Examples:
– Betaxolol (Beta-blocker)
– Bimatoprost
– Brimonidine Tartrate
– Latanoprost

Question 8

Atropine Eye Drops

Answer 8

• This medication dilates the pupil
(mydriasis) and paralyses accommodation
(cycloplegia – dilation and constriction of
the pupil to accommodate light entry)
• Treatment: Pre and post surgical
procedures and in retinoscopy
• Examples:
– Minims Atropine Eye Drops

Question 9

Antihistamine Preparations

Answer 9

• Used to relieve allergic reactions, for example, Hay fever or allergic conjunctivitis
• Can work in different ways to bring about relief:
– Histamine receptor blocking agents
– Mast cell stabilizing agent
– Release of anti-inflammatory mediators from several
cell types

Question 10

Antibacterial Preparations for eyes

Answer 10

• Treatment: For bacterial eye infections
• Mechanism of action depends on type of
antibacterial agent.
• Can come in a drop or ointment
• Examples:
– Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate

Question 11

Antibacterial Preparations for skin

Answer 11

• Treatment: Used for common skin infections
• Normally have specific storage requirements and may have a restriction of use after opening
• Examples: Clindamycin