Consonant theory

Question 1

Intial

Answer 1

Consonant sound positioned at the start of a word

Question 2

Medial

Answer 2

Consonant sound positioned in the middle of a word

Question 3

Final

Answer 3

Consonant sound positioned at the end of a word

Question 4

Margins

Answer 4

Where consonants often occur

Question 5

Criteria consonant sounds

Answer 5

1. Voiced, Lenis, fortis or voiceless
2. What organs are used
3. How to articulate

Question 6

Lenis

Answer 6

A consonant sound that is partially and sometimes fully voiced

Question 7

Fortis

Answer 7

A consonant sound that is produced without vocal chords and a lot of air is involved. Different from voiceless as these phenomes have a lenis pair

Question 8

Bilabial

Answer 8

Using both lips to pronounce a consonant sound (2)

Question 9

Labio-dental

Answer 9

Using the bottom lips and upper teeth to pronounce a consonant sound (2)

Question 10

Dental

Answer 10

Using the tip of the tongue and upper teeth to pronounce a consonant sound (2)

Question 11

Alveolar

Answer 11

Using the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ride to pronounce a consonant sound (2)

Question 12

Palato-alveolar

Answer 12

Using the tip and blade of the tongue, the alveolar ridge and hard palate to pronounce a consonant sound (2)

Question 13

Palatal

Answer 13

Using the front of the tongue and hard palate to pronounce a consonant sound (2)

Question 14

Velar

Answer 14

Using the back of the tongue and soft palate (velum) to pronounce a consonant sound (2)

Question 15

Glottal

Answer 15

Using the glottis to pronounce a consonant sound (2)

Question 16

Nasal

Answer 16

When articulating the consonant sound the air flows through the nose (3)

Question 17

Lateral

Answer 17

When articulating the consonant sound the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge and air flows over the sides of the tongue (3)

Question 18

Plosive

Answer 18

When articulating the consonant sound the air is obstructed by a closure and the released with a plosion (small explosion) (3)

Question 19

Fricative

Answer 19

When articulating the consonant sound the air is obstructed and forced through with friction

Question 20

Affricative

Answer 20

Between plosive and fricative

Question 21

Approximant

Answer 21

When articulating the consonant sound the air passes freely, almost like a vowel sound

Question 22

Final Hardening

Answer 22

A phenomenom in which foreign english speakers pronounce all final lenis sounds as fortis sounds (Hardening it too much)

Question 23

Aspiration

Answer 23

Fortis plosives are pronounced with a puff of air when theyre followed by a vowel sound or /j/ /r/ /l/ /w/ or in a stressed syllable

Question 24

The glottal stop

Answer 24

When t’s (or fortis plosives) are dropped for a ‘sound’ the glottal stop

Question 25

Fortis plosives

Answer 25

/p, t, k/

Question 26

Glottal substitution

Answer 26

The glottal stop completely takes over for fortis plosives

Question 27

Glottal reinforcement

Answer 27

The glottal stop combines with the fortis plosives (the more acceptable version)

Question 28

Assimilation

Answer 28

Form of connected speech, the final sound of one word becoems identical to the neighboring sound

Question 29

Contractions

Answer 29

Common english words are put together to form one (simpler) version (am - ‘m)

Question 30

Elision

Answer 30

Weakening your articulation to achieve maximal comprehension and clarity. Do this carefully

Question 31

Gemination

Answer 31

The phenomenom when two identical consonant sounds co-occur in on or at word boundaries: wiTH THis
They are then merged

Question 32

Intrusion

Answer 32

When vowel sounds occur back to back you put a consonant sound in between to make it smooth
A /w/ is added after back vowel sounds
A /j/ is added after front vowel sounds
An /r/ is added after a schwa or an /a:/

Question 33

Liaison

Answer 33

Linking words: When a word starts with a vowel sound, a consonant sound at the end of the previous word is always pronounced as if it was the first letter of the first word
I.E - Adam and Eve - Ada man dEve