Consonant reader - 1 Flashcards
Differences between consonant vs. vowel sounds
- Some consonant soundsare produced with and some without voice (vibrating vocal cords). All vowel sounds are voiced.
- To produce some consonant sounds the air-stream from the lungs is completely or partly
obstructed. All vowel sounds are produced without obstruction of the airflow. - Consonant sounds usually occur at the margins (beginning or end) of syllables. Vowel sounds usually occur in the middle.
Positions of consonant sounds in a syllable
- initial : at the beginning of a word (e.g. /t/ in ‘tip’)
- medial : in the middle of a word (e.g. /t/ in ‘pity’)
- final : at the end of a word (e.g. /t/ in ‘pit’)
Label 1: Voiced, lenis, fortis or voiceless?
LENIS
LENIS: The vocal cords vibrate for at least a part and sometimes all of the
sound. Especially in final position, these sounds are often partly (de)voiced. Lenis consonant sounds are technically called weak or soft sounds
Label 1: Voiced, lenis, fortis or voiceless?
FORTIS
FORTIS: The vocal cords do not vibrate at all. These sounds are completely
voiceless. Fortis consonant sounds are technically called strong as
there is a lot of muscular energy and the airstream has a lot more pressure, than for the lenis form.
Label 1: Voiced, lenis, fortis or voiceless?
VOICED
The vocal cords vibrate for all of the sound. The term ‘voiced’ is used because these sounds are always fully voiced, from beginning to end and cannot be partly voiced.
Label 1: Voiced, lenis, fortis or voiceless?
VOICELESS
The vocal cords do not vibrate at all, it is completely voiceless. The
term ‘voiceless’ is used because it does not have a lenis counterpart.
NEW RULE
- a vowel sound is lengthened (pronounced longer) if it is followed by
a) a voiced consonant sound e.g. harm /ha:m/
b) a lenis consonant sound e.g. card /ha:d/
c) silence e.g. car /ka:/ or ma /ma:/
A vowel sound is then lengthened - a vowel sound is pronounced shorter if it is followed by a fortis sound.
A vowel sound is then shortened
e.g. heart /ha:t/, cart /ka:t/ or calf /ka:f/
Label 2: Meaning
Bilabial
Both lips
Label 2: Meaning
Labio-dental
Bottom lip + upper teeth
Label 2: Meaning
Dental
Tip of tongue and upper teeth
Label 2: Meaning
Alveolar
Tip of tongue and alveolar ridge
Label 2: Meaning
Palatal
Front of tongue and hard palate
Label 2: Meaning
Velar
Back of tongue + soft palate
Label 2: Meaning
Glottal
Gottis
Label 3: Articulation
Nasal
Air flow through nose
Label 3: Articulation
Plosive
Air is obstructed by a closure and then
released with plosion
Label 3: Articulation
Lateral
The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar
ridge and air flows over sides of tongue
Label 3: Articulation
Fricative
Air is obstructed by a small opening and
forced through with friction
Label 3: Articulation
Affricate
As this is a combination of a plosive and a
fricative
(obstruction + small opening;friction)
Label 3: Articulation
Approximant
Air passes almost freely, with barely any
obstruction, approximately (almost) like
vowel sounds
Final hardening
Phenomenon in which the final phoneme of a word or sentence is expresses
All fortis plosives (p,t,k)
are Aspirated, pronounced with a puff of air after the phoneme.
word stress
If a word of two or more syllables is spoken on its own, one of the syllables will be more strongly stressed than the others
Sentence stress
When speaking, some words in a sentence are stressed more than others.
