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Henry VII 1485-1509 > Consolidation of power > Flashcards

Consolidation of power Flashcards

1
Q

What impact did the Wars of the Roses have?

A
  • Weakened position of Crown & drained Royal finances
  • Division between House of York & Lancaster meant chances of unity were slim
  • Nobility had become too powerful: fortified estates, had armies & in some cases were more rich than the King
  • Henry VII position was precarious; rule would not be accepted
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2
Q

What was the date of the Battle of Bosworth?

A
  • 22nd August 1485
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3
Q

What 3 paragraphs involve Henry’s consolidation of power?

A
  1. Immediate consolidation methods (second)
  2. Royal finances to limit the nobility (most influential)
  3. Removing threats (third) (Yorkists/Pretenders)
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4
Q

What 5 things did Henry VII do to immediately consolidate his power?

A
  1. 21st August 1485: Placed his reign from day before BOB to ensure Yorkists who fought against him were traitors
    & were vulnerable to attainders/execution
  2. 22nd August: Battle of Bosworth, wins the English crown
  3. 30th October: Official coronation before marriage to Elizabeth & first parliament, showed he was rightful King
  4. 7th November: First opening of parliament, 28 acts of attainders against Yorkists, Act of Resumption returned crown lands given away after 1455 when the War began
  5. Placed figures he could trust in outlying areas: Jasper Tudor (Lord Lieutenant of Ireland), Henry Percy (Earl of Northumberland) made Lieutenant of the North
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5
Q

How did he consolidate his power through marriage & family?
(5 things)

A
  1. 16th Jan 1486: Papal dispensation granted for Henry & Elizabeth of York’s marriage, meant Elizabeth’s position as Queen was valid
    - Henry named Edward V his predecessor meaning Richard III never validly ruled
  2. 18th Jan: Marriage between Henry & Elizabeth
  3. April 1486: Begins Royal progression to the North
  4. 19th September: Prince Arthur born
  5. 25th November: Elizabeth crowned Queen
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6
Q

How many families of the nobility were at Henry’s financial mercy?

A
  • 46/62 families
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7
Q

How did Henry use Patronage?

How many nobles fell from power during the reign?

A
  • Created few noble titles
  • 3 made were new titles with land grants
  • Number of nobles fell from 62 to 42 during the reign
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8
Q

How did Henry use acts of Attainder to restrict the nobility?

A
  • 138 acts of attainder were passed, 46 were reversed during the reign
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9
Q

How did Henry use laws against retaining to restrict the nobility?

A
  • Passed at second parliament Nov - Dec 1487
  • e.g. Lord Burgavenny convicted for retaining 471 men, finned over £70,000 (1507)
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10
Q

How did Henry use placement to restrict the nobility?

A
  • Moved a noble away from their power base
  • e.g. Earl of Surrey sent north as part of his attainder
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11
Q

How did Henry use feudal rights/dues to restrict the nobility?

A
  • Nobles fined for marrying without a license
  • Revenue from wardship & marriage: £350 (1487), £6,000 (1507)
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12
Q

How did Henry use bonds & recognisances to restrict the nobility?

A
  • 191 bonds in first 10 years of reign
  • e.g. Marquis of Dorset placed under
    £10,000 bond after suspected Simnel plot involvement
  • Recognisance: Earl of Westmorland fined £10,000 after Bosworth, any further disloyalty would result in same fine
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13
Q

How did Henry use JP’s to restrict the nobility?

A
  • Increased JP power
  • 1485: powers to arrest poachers & hunters
  • 1491: power to grant bail
  • 1495: power to vet juries (JP’s were the Gentry)
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14
Q

How did Henry increase Royal finances to consolidate his power?
(Ordinary revenue)
(4 things)

A
  1. Crown land income: rose from £29,000 (1485) to £42,000 (1509)
  2. Feudal dues: Wardship incomes rose from £350 (1487) to £6,000 (1507)
    - e.g. Duchess of Buckingham fined £7,000 for marrying without license (1487)
  3. Custom duties from import & export taxes: rose from £33,000 to £40,000 per annum
  4. Extracts money through profits of justice
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15
Q

How did Henry increase Royal finances to consolidate his power?
(Extraordinary revenue)
(5 things)

A
  1. Bonds & recognisances: rose from £3,000 (1493) to £35,000 (1505)
  2. Parliamentary taxes & subsidies: Issues for wars with Brittany & Scotland as it led to Cornish/Yorkshire rebellion
  3. Clerical taxes: taxes imposed on the Church
  4. French pension: After Treaty of Etaples (1492) French paid £159,000 in £5,000 annual sum
  5. Feudal obligations: £30,000 for Knighthood of Prince Arthur
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16
Q

Viscount Lovell & Stafford rebellion?

What was the outcome?

What did it show?

A
  • April 1486, during Henry’s Northern progression
  • Lovell tried tried an uprising in North Yorkshire
  • Humphrey & Thomas Stafford tried an uprising in the Midlands
  • Defeated easily as there was no popular support
  • Lovell fled to Burgundy, Humphrey executed, Thomas pardoned
  • Showed little support for an uprising by this point
  • The Yorkists needed a figurehead & funding
17
Q

Lambert Simnel & Earl of Lincoln (John De la Pole) rebellion?

How did Henry prevent the attraction of support to this rebellion?

What was the outcome of this rebellion?
(3 things)

A
  • 1487, Yorkist conspiracy by Earl of Lincoln using Simnel as figurehead
  • Simnel impersonated Earl of Warwick (who was in the tower & strong claim to throne)
  • Henry showed real Earl of Warwick in London
  • Lincoln fled to court of Margaret of Burgundy joining Lovell
  • Margaret sent 2,000 mercenaries to Ireland April 1487 in support of Simnel
  • Simnel was crowned King of Ireland (May 1487)
  • Mercenaries landed in Cumberland & tried to gain Yorkist support in the north (failed)
  • Battle of Stoke Field (16th June 1487): Earl of Oxford led 12,000 men, Earl of Lincoln had 8,000 (1/2 died)
  • John De la Pole was killed, Lambert Simnel sent to work in Royal Kitchen
  • Neutralised Yorkist support in Yorkshire by placing Earl of Northumberland (Yorkist supporter) to wield power in the North to prove his loyalty (calculated gamble)
  1. Battle of Stoke field ended Wars of Roses & Henry’s position became safe
  2. Henry’s lenient treatment of Simnel won over some Yorkists who initially opposed him
  3. Began bonds of good behaviour (lump sumps to nobles they did not have to repay if they were good lads
18
Q

Perkin Warbeck imposture?

What was the significance of this imposture over 8 years?
(3 things)

A
  • 1491-99, Cloth trader (Warbeck) from Flanders
  • 1491: impersonated Richard Duke of York in Ireland then went to France
  • 1492: fled to Margaret Duke of Burgundy after Treaty of Etaples, trained as a Yorkist prince & attracted English courtiers
  • 1495: Lands in Deal Kent, fails so flees to King James IV of Scotland
  • Sep 1496: Tried an invasion of England, failed
  • Treaty of Ayton 1497: Warbeck forced out of Scotland
  • Sep 1497: Warbeck arrives on Lands end (120 men), defeated in Exeter, treated leniently & arrested
  • 1499 Warbeck & Earl of Warwick try to escape
  • Nov 1499, Both are executed
  1. Patronage from foreign rulers made Warbeck a serious threat
  2. Showed how Henry’s position by other rulers was considered weak
  3. 1495 conspiracy by Sir William Stanley (Henry’s step-uncle & Lord Chamberlain) showed Henry’s vulnerability in his own household
19
Q

Summarise Henry’s consolidation of power?
(5 points)

A
  • Having Usurped the throne at the Battle of Bosworth 1485 Henry’s immediate aim was to consolidate his power
  • His shrewdness & planning ability allowed him to consolidate his power readily in the first years of his reign
  • He did this through initial consolidatory moves, removed threats & had the nobility under his thumb through financial restrictions
  • However years 1486-99 saw a renewal of insecurity through Yorkist pretenders & rivals of which he ended up defeating by 1506
  • By the end of the reign the Tudor dynasty was well established, secure & stable with an heir to the throne Prince Henry

Henry VII 1485-1509 (6 decks)

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