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A-level History (Tudors) > Consolidation of Henry vii > Flashcards

Consolidation of Henry vii Flashcards

1
Q

When did Henry tudor officially become king?

A

October 30 1485

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2
Q

When and where was Henry VII crowned, and why was this significant?

A

He was crowned on October 30, 1485, at Westminster Abbey, to establish his authority before Parliament convened and before his marriage to Elizabeth of York.

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3
Q

Why did Henry VII marry Elizabeth of York, and how did this help consolidate his power?

A

The marriage united the Houses of Lancaster and York, symbolized by the creation of the Tudor Rose, and helped to end the Wars of the Roses.

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4
Q

When did the lovell rebellion happen?

A

April 1486

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5
Q

What were the causes for the lovell rebellion?

A

.people wanted revenge for richard iii after he got killed in the battle of bosworth

.wanted a yorkist on the throne.

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6
Q

who supported the lovell rebellion?

A

.Francis, viscont Lovell
.thomas stafford
.humphry stafford
.some yorkists

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7
Q

events of the lovell rebellion?

A

.Lovell and the Stafford brothers broke sanctuary in Colchester whilst henry was on progress in the north.

.lovell went north and the staffords went west to stir up rebellion in worcester

.Henry vii sent troops and offer a pardon of death and excommunication

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8
Q

What were the consequences of the lovell rebellion?

A

.Rebels dispersed,lovell fled and the staffords returned to sanctuary

.Hnery vii denied them this for a second time and then executed humphrey.

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9
Q

When did the incident of the pretender lambert simnel happen?

A

1486 - 1487

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10
Q

who does lambert simnel pretend to be?

A

pretends to be the earl of warwick but was in reality the son of a joiner who had been cultivated by a yorkist priest

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11
Q

what domestic support did lambert simnel have?

A

.the earl of lincoln : a yorkist and the heir richard iii named himself (john de la pole)
.elizabeth woodville (henry vii mother in law)

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12
Q

what foreign support did lambert simnel have?

A

.Margaret of burgundy

. emperor Maximilian: who (wants to take over brittany)

.(Ireland) earl of Kildare, leader of irleland which was a yorkist strong hold.
irish lords eager to destabilise Lancastrian England to secure independence

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13
Q

what was the cause of the lambert simnel threat ?

A

.Yorkists had dis satisfaction with a Lancastrian king

.no yorkist prince was available ( the two princes had disappeared in the tower years ago and the edward, the real earl of warwick was already confined by henry vii) so they had to resort to an imposter

.Margaret of burgundy wanted revenge

.

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14
Q

What were the consequences of the lambert simnel threat?

A

.The issue was settled in the battle of stoke (last battle of the war of the roses) and lincoln was killed ans simnel was taken and eventually pardoned, the earl of warwick (real) remained in the tower

.henry vii demonstrated his power and kingship

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15
Q

Who was perkin warbeck? and what was the time frame of this threat?

A

he was a pretender who persuaded to impersonate richard of york, edward iv younger son (one of the princes in the tower)

he was actually a charismatic cloth merchant

. 1491 - 1499

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16
Q

why was perkin warbeck a serious threat?

A

. he had a decent amount of support

.was harder to chase. Took henry eight years to catch him

.he had a royal status (married king james iv of scotland’s cousin)

.was an adult unlike simnel who was only a child

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17
Q

who supported perkin warbeck ?

A

.holy roman emperor maximilian

.earl of desmond in ireland

.Margaret of burgundy

.archduke philip

. james iv of Scotland

.charles viii (france)

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18
Q

what was the treaty of etaples 1492?

A

the treaty henry had signed in agreement with france to remove the threat of pretenders and other claiments to the throne

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19
Q

what was the time frame of the white rose threat?

A

1499 - 1506

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20
Q

who supported the white rose threat?

A

.Maximilian
.archduke Philip of burgundy
.earl of sussex

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21
Q

what was the cause of the white rose threat?

A

john de la pole active against henry and got killed in the battle of stoke

.The White Rose threat was caused by lingering Yorkist opposition to Henry VII’s rule after his victory at Bosworth (1485).

.De la pole went to plot against henry to take the throne back to yorkists but failed.

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21
Q

What were the consequences of the white rose?

A

.earl of Suffolk got arrested and then eventually executed

.Henry looked weak for spending a lot of money giving it to Maximilian.

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22
Q

when did the battle of stoke happen?

A

16 June 1487

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23
Q

what was the battle of stoke ?

A

The final battle of the Wars of the Roses, fought on 16 June 1487. It was a decisive clash between Henry VII’s forces and the Yorkist rebels.

it was also the consequence of the pretender lambert simnel

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24
Q

consequences of the battle of stoke?

A

.Henry VII’s army defeated the rebel forces, securing his reign and ending Yorkist resistance.

.Simnel was captured and, instead of being executed, was made a servant in the royal household.

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25
Q

Why was the Battle of Stoke significant for Henry VII?

A

It marked the end of the Wars of the Roses, solidifying Henry VII’s rule and the Tudor dynasty.

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26
Q

When did the yorkshire rebellion happen?

A

1489

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27
Q

What was the Yorkshire Rebellion?

A

The rebellion was a protest by northern English citizens against Henry VII’s taxes to fund a war with France.

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28
Q

Why did the Yorkshire Rebellion happen?

A

Henry VII’s imposition of a tax (the “Tenth and Fifteenth tax”) to finance the war against France. This tax was particularly unpopular in the north, where people were already struggling financially.

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29
Q

Who led the Yorkshire Rebellion and who supported it?

A

led by john Egremont
and supported by john o chambre and other tenants of northumbland

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30
Q

significant events of the Yorkshire Rebellion?

A

The rebellion was crushed by Henry VII’s forces. Egremont fled, and Henry made an example of the rebels by executing some of the leaders (earl of northumbland). He also revoked the tax in the region.

31
Q

concequences of the yorkshire rebellion?

A

Weakened Henry’s authority in the north but solidified his power in the south.

.henry asks for 100000 pounds but only gets less than a third back

32
Q

when was the Cornish Rebellion ?

A

1497

33
Q

What was the Cornish Rebellion?

A

The Cornish Rebellion was a revolt against Henry VII’s taxes to fund a war against Scotland.

33
Q

What was the cause of the cornish rebellion?

A

Cornish people were angered by a heavy tax imposed to finance Henry VII’s campaign against Scotland. They felt it unfairly targeted them, as the war did not directly affect them.

34
Q

Who led the Cornish Rebellion?

A

The rebellion was led by Michael An Gof (a blacksmith) and Thomas Flamank (a lawyer).

35
Q

significant events that happened in the cornish rebellion?

A

The rebels marched to London but were defeated at the Battle of Blackheath (1497) by Henry VII’s army. The leaders, An Gof and Flamank, were executed.

36
Q

What were the consequences of the Cornish Rebellion?

A

.Henry VII reinforced his authority but had to ease off on some unpopular taxes.

.The rebellion exposed the difficulty of governing distant regions like Cornwall.

37
Q

what were the acts of attainder?

A

Laws that declared someone guilty of treason or serious crimes, resulting in the loss of their land, titles, and inheritance, and often leading to execution.

38
Q

what where acts against illegal retaining ?

A

Laws that restricted nobles from maintaining private armies of retainers, aimed at reducing their power and preventing rebellion.

39
Q

what are bonds and recognisances?

A

Financial agreements where nobles pledged money as a guarantee for good behavior or loyalty. If they broke their promise, they had to pay a fine.

40
Q

how did bonds and recognisances work?

A

A noble would sign an agreement (a bond) to pay a sum of money if they broke their loyalty. A recognisance was a formal acknowledgment of this debt.

41
Q

What are feudal dues

A

Payments or obligations owed by nobles to the king for their land or privileges, such as wardship, marriage, livery, and relief.

41
Q

what types of feudal dues did henry enforce?

A

.Wardship: The king controlled estates of underage heirs and took their profits.

.Marriage: The king profited by arranging or selling noble marriages.

.Livery: Payment by heirs to reclaim their estates once of age.

.Relief: A fee paid by heirs when inheriting land.

42
Q

what were crown lands?

A

Estates and properties owned by the king, used to generate income through rents and leases.

e.g if an orphan had property left behind then the king would take it and “look after it” until the child comes of age and then the child then buys it back off the king.

43
Q

What was the function of Parliament under Henry VII?

A

Legislation: Passed laws, often proposed by the king, including those to maintain order (e.g., Acts of Attainder).

Taxation: Approved taxes requested by the king, especially for wars.

Legitimization: Helped Henry VII secure his rule by recognizing him as king and passing laws to consolidate his power.

44
Q

how many times did henry call parliament during his 24 year reign ?

A

Only 7 times during his 24-year reign, mostly early on to solidify his authority and secure taxes.

45
Q

what was a courtier ?

A

A courtier was a noble or a high-ranking individual who served in the royal court, offering advice, companionship, or services to the monarch.

46
Q

what was a magnate ?

A

A magnate was a powerful noble who controlled large amounts of land and had significant influence, particularly in their local region.

47
Q

what were prerogative rights?

A

describes those of power which the monarch could exile without requiring the consent of parliament.

48
Q

what does personal monarchy mean?

A

A system where the effectiveness of government relies on the monarch’s direct leadership, decisions, and management of key relationships with nobles and advisors.

49
Q

what was the chamber?

A

the private area of the court ; a key department for the official collection of royal revenues.

50
Q

what was the privy chamber?

A

The king’s private quarters, used for both personal and political matters, and staffed by close, loyal servants.

51
Q

what is tounage and poundage ?

A

the right to raise revenue for the whole reign from imports and exports

52
Q

what is feudalism ?

A

the medieval system by which society was structured depending on relationships in which land was held in return for some service.

53
Q

what is ordinary revenue/income?

A

money collected regularly without the the need of parliament (permission)

54
Q

what is extra- ordinary revenue/income

A

Revenue collected through special measures, such as taxes approved by Parliament, feudal dues, or loans, used for unexpected expenses like wars.

mainly for emergencies such as war. parliamentary approval was needed.

55
Q

what are benevolences ?

A

a forced loan with no repayment.

56
Q

what are feudal obligations?

A

were payments or services owed to the king by his subjects, especially nobles, under the feudal system. Henry VII used these to strengthen royal finances.

57
Q

what are clerical dues

A

Financial contributions from the Church to the monarchy, often collected as a form of tax or gift during emergencies or special occasions.

58
Q

what is the french pension ?

A

.part of the treaty of estaples (1492) where pension was made by the king of france, really as a bribe to remove english armies from french soils.

59
Q

what was the role of the kings council?

A

to advise the king on matters of state

.to administrate law and order

.to act as judges in court

60
Q

What was the brittany crisis ? 1487-1492

A

france wanted to anex brittany. charles viiii sister (who was in control at the time) wanted to marry charles to the duke of brittany’s daughter.

61
Q

What was the social structure of Tudor England?

A

The Monarch: The supreme ruler with power over all classes.

Nobility: Wealthy landowners and titled families (dukes, earls, barons).

Gentry: Wealthy landowners below the nobility, often served as local officials or MPs.

Yeomanry: Prosperous farmers who owned or rented land.

Laborers and the Poor: Worked on farms or as unskilled labor; often faced poverty.

62
Q

ow did life differ between rural and urban areas in Tudor England?

A

Rural Areas: Most people lived in villages and worked in agriculture. Society was centered around the manor system.

Urban Areas: Towns grew due to trade and crafts. Merchants and artisans were important, and cities like London expanded significantly.

63
Q

Who were the nobility, and what was their role in Tudor society?

A

The nobility were the highest-ranking social class below the monarch, including dukes, earls, marquesses, viscounts, and barons.

They controlled vast lands and wealth and were key to maintaining order, advising the king, and providing military support.

64
Q

what was the gentry ?

A

The gentry were the social class below the nobility, comprising wealthy landowners who did not hold noble titles.
They included knights, esquires, and gentlemen, often serving as local leaders, landowners, and administrators.

65
Q

john guy in the gentry?

A

john guy-state peers + knighthood’s owned 15 to 20 of country lands.

66
Q

churchmen in tudor times?

A

Churchmen were members of the clergy, ranging from local parish priests to high-ranking bishops and archbishops.
They served both spiritual and administrative roles, managing religious life, education, and significant landholdings.

67
Q

who was the most important member of the gentry?

A

reginald brey was the most important member of the genrty

68
Q

What were the Italian Wars? (1494-1506)

A

A series of conflicts (1494–1559) fought primarily between France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire over control of Italy.

69
Q

What was Henry VII’s approach to the Italian Wars?

A

formed an alliance with spain and the highly roman empire

remained neutral

70
Q

When was the castillian succession crisis?

A

lasted from 1504 to 1506

71
Q

What was the Castilian Succession Crisis?

A

A power struggle following the death of Isabella I of Castile in 1504.
Isabella’s daughter, Joanna , inherited Castile, but her husband, Philip of Burgundy, and father, Ferdinand of Aragon, vied for control.

72
Q

How did Henry VII react to the Castilian Succession Crisis?

A

Welcomed Philip and Joanna to England in 1506 after they were shipwrecked on the English coast.
Secured the Treaty of Windsor (1506), strengthening trade with Burgundy and proposing a marriage alliance between his son Henry (later Henry VIII) and Philip’s sister, Margaret.

73
Q

What was the situation in Scotland between 1485 and 1509?

A

Scotland was dealing with internal instability and succession issues.
The Stuart monarchy, under King James III, was weakened by internal rebellion, leading to his death in 1488, followed by the accession of his son, James IV.
Tensions between Scotland and England fluctuated during this period, especially over border disputes and alliances.

74
Q

what was the treaty of medina del campo

A

In 1489, the Treaty of Medina del Campo was signed between England and Spain. It agreed that: Spain and England would not make treaties with France without sounding the other out first. There would be equal trading rights for each other’s merchants.

A-level History (Tudors) (2 decks)

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