Considerations of counselling people from minorities

Question 1

What is a minority therapy a concern?

Answer 1

Over 50% of the state of California is composed of
minority groups.

The worldviews of a culturally diverse population are likely to be quite different from that of the helping professional. Need to be aware in order to aid positive self-development.

Question 2

Anagram of 5 consideration

Answer 2

DAPUC

Question 3

Deconstructing the therapist’s self

name

Answer 3

Understanding and being open with clients differences of thinking, experiencing as a result of socialisation can only take place when we have undergone our own personal exploration and learning.

Hicks and Milton (2010) - important all therapists have critically considered how their identity will affect their practise with their client.

How they see you. Need to explore what it means by the client to be perceived as the same or different.

Question 4

Critique of deconstructing the therapist’s self

Answer 4

A client can sense how cultural information is asked and why. Do not assume the client is thinking what you have self discovered.

Question 5

Attend to ‘pre-transference’

name

Answer 5

Don’t idealise the clients culture, resist the need to help the social exclusion of the client.

Important to understand the impact of culture in the client’s lives, as well as meaning of culture in our own lives.

Milton (2016) - phenomenological rule of epoche, being aware of your own views and making sure they don’t impact the session to avoid judgement.

Challenge one’s own ethnocentrism and stereotypes about the other culture.

Question 6

Critique of attending to pre-transference

Answer 6

Issues of colour blindness technique, actually a form a racism (Terwilliger et al 2013), excuse to remain ignorant to cultures and customs of their minority. Need to address trauma if it is apparent.

Question 7

Understanding the client

name

Answer 7

Examine conscious and unconscious relationship to culture. Be open to how they present their culture rather than your image.

Understand their journey into the new culture.

Hicks and Milton (2010) - avoid assumptions: identity and totality of being should not be assumed, minority aspects interacts with multiple other factors, religion, culture which may moderate the influencing effects

Avoid excusing dysfunctional behaviour as culturally normative

Intersectionality

Clear awareness and challenge own ethnocentrism and any stereotypes evoked when coming into contact with other cultural groups.

Question 8

Critique of understanding the client / challenging stereotypes

name

Answer 8

Eleftheriadou (2012)

Avoid othering and difference, whilst it can be reassuring to the client attempting to understand his minority issues, it can come across negatively.

Cross-culture clients can feel overwhelmed by the task of ‘educating’ their counsellor, before they even bring their issue.

Avoid us and them - making them bare responsibility of representing their people, focus on the issues

Question 9

Avoid Microaggressions / building relationship

Name 2

Answer 9

Be aware of subtle racism “regular person” - devalues exchange simply because he belongs to a minority group.

Being attentive and knowledgeable about other cultures can provide significant connection.

Spinelli (1989) notes the paradoxical nature of bracketing biases and recognising they exist, - suggests the mere acknowledgement lessens the impact upon our immediate experience

Sue (2007) Unconsciously delivered, most difficult to combat as unaware

Question 10

Who ran the study to do with microaggressions what did it entail and what did they find?

Answer 10

Constantine (2007) - examined microaggressions effect on relationship with client

Undertook a focus group with self-identified minority counselling clients to create themes and then underwent a literature review investigating these themes.

Greater perceived racial microaggressions were predictive of a weaker therapeutic alliance
which, in turn, predicted lower ratings of general and multicultural counseling competence.

Question 11

Clinical modifications / non-verbal

name

Answer 11

Nonverbal communication. Attend to the sensitivity of non-verbal language, and interpersonal distance. Make sure the client is speaking the way they feel most comfortable.

In certain parts of the Middle East, thumbs-up is definitely a highly offensive thumbs-down.

Paralanguage, kinesics and proxemics - part of everyday communication provide stronger messages than the verbal.

Non-verbal behaviour more unconscious – more primitive so can be more revealing.

Use of interpreters - emotional difficulty, complicate dynamic, superiority.

Eleftheriadou (2012)

Question 12

Critique of clinical modifications

Answer 12

Be wary not to close off body language in fear of offence as this could also send the wrong message

Avoid them and us labels as can be unwanted pity and segregation

Question 13

According to Landridge what is Gay Affirmative therapy?

Answer 13

Work to lessen shame and guilt. Use your authority to affirm LGB identities.

Address cultural bereavement

Question 14

Issues with Gay Affirmative therapy?

Answer 14

Ethical therapy is enough to treat them as an equal.

Assumptions could lead to negative impact on the relationship.

Question 15

5 considerations of affirmative practise?

Answer 15

Deconstruction of the therapist's self 
Pre-transference
Avoid Microaggressions
Understanding the client
Clinical Modifications

Question 16

Main name in times of doubt

Answer 16

Eleftheriadou (2012)

Question 17

What is Heidegger’s line that fits with affirmativity?

Intro

Answer 17

Being is a being of which being is an issue. Affirming it i san issue.

Question 18

For something to be an issue the counsellor must what?

2 parts

Answer 18

Have a ‘lived experience’ for themselves

Have a continuing interest and engagement with in their live

Question 19

What is intersectionality

Answer 19

Person’s sexual orientation automatically reflect totality of the client’s identity.

Attend to intersections between culture and other characteristics that compound effects.

Question 20

What is race?

Answer 20

not genetic differences but unchangeable characteristics, shared by a group of people with the same ancestral origins.

The effects of racism and prejudice in society have profound effect on the psyche.

Question 21

Role of sexual minority therapy?

Answer 21

Work towards providing an environment in which an individual can explore different ways of constructing their own unique experiences and identity.

Question 22

Understanding the sexual client

Answer 22

sexuality is fluid, changeable over time, and situation dependent.

People may construct their sexuality, not by the sex of the partner of their attraction, but to more salient characteristics, like personality (Ross, 1984).

Question 23

Understanding sexuality of client

Answer 23

Position of openness to LGB issues and fluid beliefs without making presumptions concerning how a person constructs their sexuality and the possible relationship between an individual’s sexual identity and their problems (Burckell and Goldfried, 2006).

explored in the fullest possible way BUT Sexuality not automatically related to their presenting difficulties.

Question 24

Pre-transference of sexuality

Answer 24

Need to understand antihomosexual/pro-homosexual biases that operate in society – in both obvious and subtle ways. – may not just influence therapists perception but client’s perception of self.

Question 25

MOST IMPORTANT in sex therapy

Answer 25

for therapist to work to understand how their client experiences and constructs their sexuality, what labels they feel comfortable using – and especially to not project own issues around sexuality onto their client.

Question 26

what did Bolanyi (1966) discuss with respect to understanding the client

Answer 26

tacit knowledge, beyond poststructuralist theory language that is limited by its sounds.