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Politics: Political Ideas and Ideologies > Conservatism: New Flashcards: > Flashcards

Conservatism: New Flashcards:

1
Q

Key word:

What does pragmatism mean?

A

An approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of their success of their practical application.

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2
Q

Key word:

What does empiricism mean?

A

The idea that knowledge and evidence come from real experience and not abstract theories.

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2
Q

Key word:

what does tradition mean?

A

The wisdoms of the past that make society.

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3
Q

Key word:

What does organic society mean?

A

Belief that society is not created but emerges and grows, developing like an organism.

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3
Q

Key word:

What does enlightenment mean?

A

A European intellectual movement of the state in the 17th - 18th century emphasising reason and individualism rather than tradition.

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4
Q

Key word:

What does noblesse oblige mean?

A

The duty of society’s elites (ruling class), the wealthy and privileged to look after those who are less fortunate (the working class).

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5
Q

Key word:

What does change to conserve mean?

A

Society should adapt to shifting circumstances by investigating small modifications rather than rejecting change outright.

These compromises will preserve the essence of society. If society doesn’t change it risks rebellion/revolution.

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6
Q

Key word:

What does human imperfection mean?

A

The belief that humans are flawed morally, intellectually and psychologically which limits decisions they make.

Therefore ideologies designed by humans will always be flawed and are not to be trusted.

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7
Q

Key word:

What does lassiez-faire mean?

A

An economic philosophy that advocates for minimal government interference in business and markets.

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8
Q

Key word:

What does Keynesianism mean?

A

The idea that the government should help manage the economy by spending money and adjusting policies to reduce unemployment and stabilise economic growth.

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8
Q

Key word:

What does atomism mean?

A

Where society is seen as made up of self-reliant individuals rather than collective groups e.g.(individualism)

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9
Q

Key word:

What does Hawkish mean?

A

Using force or military action, particularly in foreign policy.

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9
Q

Key word:

What does stagflation mean?

A

An economic condition in which there is high inflation, high unemployment, and stagnant (stays the same) economic growth.

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10
Q

Key word:

What does radical mean?

A

Advocating for major change.

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11
Q

Key word:

What does Anti-permissiveness mean?

A

Opposes broad personal freedoms and advocates for restrictions on behaviours that challenge traditional values or social norms.

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12
Q

Key word:

What does anomie mean?

A

A state of normlessness, where individuals feel disconnected or lack purpose due to the breakdown of societal values.

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12
Q

Key word:

What does hierachy mean?

A

A system or in which people or things are ranked one above the other according to authority, status, or importance.

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13
Q

Key word:

What does authority mean?

A

To the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

14
Q

Key word:

What does traditional conservatism mean?

A

Focuses on preserving traditions, social order, and gradual change, valuing stability and respect for authority.

14
Q

Key word:

What does one-nation conservatism mean?

A

Focuses on social unity, supporting both traditional values and policies to reduce inequality and care for all members of society.

15
Q

Key word:

What does The New Right mean?

A

A political movement that advocates for free markets, limited government, and traditional conservative values.

16
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of early traditional conservatism e.g. rejection of radical change

A

Hobbes rejected radical change because he feared it could lead to civil war and instability, as he saw during the English Civil War.

He believed such changes would disrupt society and create chaos.

16
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of early traditional conservatism e.g. strong central authority

A

Hobbes argued that a strong, central government is necessary to maintain order and prevent chaos.

Without a powerful ruler to enforce laws, society would fall into anarchy, as people are naturally selfish.

17
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of early traditional conservatism e.g. support for tradition and religion

A

Hobbes recognised the importance of religion and tradition in maintaining social stability and moral order (allows everyone to have the same norms and values and therefore creates social cohesion.

17
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of early traditional conservatism e.g. human nature

A

Hobbes believed humans are naturally selfish and driven by self-interest, needing external control to prevent conflict.

This view supported conservative ideas of strong authority and governance.

18
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later traditional conservatism e.g. organic view of society

A

Burke believed society is like a living thing that changes slowly over time, not just a contract between individuals.

He thought it’s a web of relationships passed down through generations and shouldn’t be reshaped based on abstract ideas.

18
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later traditional conservatism e.g. gradual change

A

Burke supported gradual change instead of radical revolution, fearing that sudden changes, like the French Revolution, could cause chaos.

He believed in preserving stability by making slow, natural adjustments over time (to prevent revolution).

19
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later traditional conservatism e.g. paternalism and social responsibility

A

Burke believed the aristocracy and elites had a duty to care for society, not by direct intervention but by maintaining stable structures.

He saw the wealthy as protectors of tradition and guardians of social order, ensuring everyone had a place in society.

19
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later traditional conservatism e.g. tradition

A

Burke valued tradition and customs, believing society should evolve slowly by preserving what works, rather than adopting radical changes.

20
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of early one-nation conservatism e.g. social reform

A

One Nation conservatism supported social reforms to improve the working class’s conditions while maintaining traditional institutions.

It aimed for gradual change to prevent radicalism and preserve social stability, but remained opposed to socialism.

21
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of early one-nation conservatism e.g. paternalism

A

Early one nation conservatism emphasised paternalism, where the elite had a duty to care for the welfare of the lower classes.

The aristocracy was seen as guardians of social order, offering support and leadership to maintain societal stability and prevent unrest.

21
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of early one-nation conservatism e.g. economic policy

A

Early one nation conservatives supported a mixed economy combining free-market principles with state intervention and social safety nets.

These policies aimed to balance the interests businesses, social welfare and education to improve society.

22
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of early one-nation conservatism e.g. pragmatism

A

Prioritised pragmatism over ideology, focusing on practical solutions to social problems rather than rigid political theories.

22
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later one-nation conservatism e.g. welfare state

A

Supported the welfare state.

Believing government intervention was necessary to ensure basic living standards and reduce inequality, while still upholding free markets.

23
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later one-nation conservatism e.g. immigration

A

Supported controlled immigration and effective integration, aiming to reap the benefits of immigration.

Ensured newcomers could integrate into British society without threatening social cohesion and national identity.

23
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later one-nation conservatism e.g. economic policy

A

Supported a mixed economy, where free markets and government intervention worked together.

They advocated for a balance between private enterprise and public investment in areas like social services to maintain social order and reduce inequality.

24
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of neo-liberal conservatism e.g. welfare state

A

Advocate for reducing the welfare state, believing social programs foster dependency and weaken personal responsibility.

They support cutting public spending on services like healthcare and housing, while encouraging self-reliance and individual initiative.

24
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later one-nation conservatism e.g. social cohesion

A

Focused on national unity and fostering a shared national identity.

Balancing the integration of new communities with the preservation of British values and traditions.

25
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of neo-liberal conservatism e.g. individualism

A

Focuses on individual responsibility, advocating for self-reliance and a reduced role for the state.

Believes that independent people lead to a more prosperous and stable society.

26
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of neo-conservative conservatism e.g. foreign policy

A

Supports an interventionist foreign policy using military force to promote democracy, protect U.S. interests, and counter threats, as seen in the Iraq War.

It advocates spreading democratic values worldwide for global stability.

26
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of later neo-liberal conservatism e.g. free-market economics

A

Support free markets with minimal government intervention, promoting deregulation, privatisation, and tax cuts to boost growth and innovation.

They favour market-driven solutions over state control or welfare.

27
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of neo-conservative conservatism e.g. privatisation

A

Advocates for privatisation of state-owned enterprises and deregulation to increase competition and efficiency.

It also supports tax cuts for corporations and encourages foreign investment to boost economic growth and global competitiveness.

28
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of neo-conservative conservatism e.g. traditional values

A

Advocates for traditional values like family values and religious freedom.

They oppose progressive social policies such as LGBTQ rights and abortion, believing these values are key to social order.

28
Q

Features of conservatism:

What are the features of neo-conservative conservatism e.g. the economy

A

Support free-market capitalism and limited government intervention and promoting tax cuts.

Politics: Political Ideas and Ideologies (6 decks)

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