Conservatism Flashcards
Explain views of Neo-Conservatism
Protect public morality
Law and order
Anti-permissiveness + Judeo-Christian morality
Free market + limited govt intervention
Explain views of Libertarianism
To what extent is Conservatism compatible with the free market?
YES:
✓ Inequality
✓ Private ownership / property
✓ Limited role of state
or rational selfishness
NO:
☓ Human nature
☓ Immigration
☓ Paternalism
Inequality
- Free market system exacerbates inequality - Traditional + Neo-Cons especially tolerant of inequality
– “The tory must defend the right to be unequal” = John Biggs-Davidson
– “For I agree with you there is a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent” = Jefferson
– People with status getting more important jobs → Edward Earl of Derby - PM 3x - longest-serving Tory leader, Lord Salisbury - PM 3x over 13 years
– 2019 study: Britain’s most influential people 5x more likely to be from a private school
- Even one-nation cons agree inequality is natural (‘little platoons’), they just favour paternalism to justify it:
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy” = Disraeli
– “elevate the condition of the people” = Disraeli
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” = Disraeli
– “Security at every stage of life” = Cameron
– “The greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own” = Disraeli
Private ownership
- Allows people to get their own property
– “Freedom to use the resources we possess” = Friedman
– “Man’s absolute need of private property” = Roger Scruton
– Embodiment of my will in an object = Hegel
- Oppose inheritance tax
– “The preservation of property” = Locke
– “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born” = Burke
– Rand & Nozick = those with prop more able to protect themselves against govt infringements on their liberty
– U.S Constitution = no quartering of soldiers = 3rd amendment
-Thatcher’s Right to Buy
- Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act
Limited role of the state
- Free market allows the state to be ‘rolled-back’
- Most efficient mechanism
– Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations - “We are led by the invisible hand to promote an end that was by no means our intention”
– Schumpter’s ‘Creative Destruction’
– “If you put the government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a shortage of sand” = Friedman
– “We haven’t got a trillion-dollar debt because we don’t tax enough, we have a trillion-dollar debt because we spend too much” = Reagan
– “A much more urgent problem is to protect the consumer against the government” = Friedman
- But one-nation favours state intervention more than traditional + neo-cons:
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
Human nature
- Free market - implies that people are rational individuals capable of expressing their happiness and self-interest through a free market - goes against cons thinking
- Think people are deeply flawed - ‘philosophy of imperfection’, need authority → not really granted in a free market
– “Solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short”, “hatred, envy and war” = Hobbes
– Hobbes + Burke saw state as necessary body of authority that had to oversee every aspect of our lives to ensure order and stability
- But Oakeshott = human nature was “fragile and fallible”, yet it was also “benign and benevolent”,”fallible but not terrible”, “imperfect but not immoral”
– Oakeshott = “not so much nasty, brutish and short…as noisy, foolish and flawed”
– Also to a certain extent goes against inequality because it assumes anyone can be successful and gain economic wealth through the workings of the free market - whereas traditional cons favour hereditary, generational wealth
- Hobbes believed that a truly free market was impossible to achieve as people couldn’t be trusted to operate in such a manner without abusing their freedom
- But Rand’s idea of ‘rational selfishness’ in New Right Conservatism
Immigration
- Immigration is a consequence of a free market - having a free movement of people
- Neo-conservatives especially are against immigration - anti-permissiveness, authority, national identity, Judeo-Christian morality, don’t like multiculturalism
– “Swamped by people of a different culture” = Thatcher
– “There will be no further large-scale permanent immigration” = Cons manifesto 1970
– “We believe in holding out the clear prospect of an end to immigration” = Thatcher
– John Stokes = “The Tory party must be seen as the defender and preserver of our way of life”
– Ronald Bell = “There is no law which says we have to admit unlimited numbers of ex-Imperial subjects”
– UK - ‘euroscepticism’, USA - neo-cons. attitudes after 9/11 → Iraq, Afghanistan - ‘regime change’
- But paternalistic conservatism - more tolerant - need to ‘change to conserve’ so need to integrate immigrants for society to evolve and flourish
– Malcolm Turnbull = Disraeli Award = non-discriminatory Australian immigration system
– “These are people who wanted to provide for their family and wanted a better life” = Senator Jeff Flake (ex-rep sen)
Uncertainty
- Free market - uncertain - goes against Cons ideology
- e.g. Wall Street Crash, 2008 Housing Market Crash
??
To what extent are Conservatives pragmatic?
(pragmatism - decisions based on practicality, being flexible (of what works))
(opposite to ideological approach - based on beliefs / values)
YES:
✓ Human nature
✓ Change to conserve
✓ Paternalism
NO:
☓ Reject mixed economy (NR)
☓ Rational selfishness
☓ Social attitudes
Human nature
- Philosophy of imperfection
- Pragmatism stems from phil of imp - idea there isn’t a utopian society, humans should be judged based on what they are + society on what it is
Paternalism
- When the cottage is not happy, must adapt, must support lower classes
Reject mixed economy
- Mixed economy can be seen as pragmatic because govt intervention is used when its needed
- But New Right reject this
– Thatcher - dependency culture - 20 mines, 20,000
– Sunak - “bleed to death”
– Reaganomics
– Reagan quote
– Friedman quotes
Rational selfishness
- Ideological idea that people are rational so should be free to live their lives without govt interference, express happiness through free market + meritocracy
– Ayn Rand quotes
Social attitudes
- Trad + one nation + neo-cons typically support the state in promoting family, marriage, traditional values, public morality etc. - this is arguably more ideological than pragmatic as the cons can be seen to be reluctant to embrace a changing society + different family structures and makeups, co-habitation > marriage etc.
- Link to anti-permissiveness
To what extent do Conservatives agree on the role of the state?
YES:
✓ Law and Order
✓ Tradition
✓ Minimal state
(+promote free market)
NO:
☓ Social attitudes (marriage, family, religion)
☓ Immigration?
☓ Paternalism
Law and order
– Hobbes = “it is not wisdom, but authority that makes law”
– Machiavelli’s The Prince (1532) = “end justify the means”
– Hobbes - law and order can only be provided by the state
– Rand = “When the state becomes flabby, it also becomes feeble”
– “It is the duty of Her Majesty’s government neither to flap nor to falter” - Macmillan
- Trump = “I am the law and order candidate”
- NSA’s surveillance
- Turkey + Russia - laws targeting journalists + activists
- NIXON = “You can’t have progress without order, because when you have disorder, and revolution, you destroy all of the progress you have”
Tradition
- Burke: “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born”
- G.K. Chesterton = “Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes, our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead”
– “Just as a plant’s new leaves are connected and dependent on the roots, so a society’s present direction stems from its past development” = Oakeshott
– Churchill = the further into the past you look, the clearer the future becomes
– Monarchy = historical wisdom, beyond party politics, national loyalty
– House of Lords
– Year 0 = Khmer Rouge
–French Rev
– Disraeli = “England cannot begin again!”
Limited state
– Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations - “We are led by the invisible hand to promote an end that was by no means our intention”
– Schumpter’s ‘Creative Destruction’
– “If you put the government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a shortage of sand” = Friedman
– “We haven’t got a trillion-dollar debt because we don’t tax enough, we have a trillion-dollar debt because we spend too much” = Reagan
– “A much more urgent problem is to protect the consumer against the government” = Friedman
- But one-nation favours state intervention more than traditional + neo-cons:
State spending (tory welfarism v just defence)
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
Individual liberty
- Promote authority, family, public morality v liberty
– 80% of American conservatives believe marriage is needed to create strong families
– 58% say society is better off if people make marriage and children a priority
– Thatcher (1988) - family = “a nursery, a school, a hospital, a leisure place, a place of refuge and a place of rest” and “the building block of society”
– The Children Act 1989 = outlined rights of children
– The Child Support Agency (1993) = established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for the upbringing of their children
– Married Couples Allowance = transfer some of personal allowance to encourage marriage over co-habitation
– John Major urged a “back to basics” approach - promoted traditional family values
– The Video Recording Act 1984
– No civil rights leg under Reagan
– Reagan signed Comprehensive Crime Control Act (1984)
– Article 9 ECHR - right to freedom of religion
- 1962 Sup Court ruling - prohibited teachers in public schools forcing kids to say morning prayers
- Bill to deestablish Church of England (sep of Church and state) introduced by Lib Dem peer Paul Scriven
Paternalism
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy” = Disraeli
– “elevate the condition of the people” = Disraeli
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” = Disraeli
– “Security at every stage of life” = Cameron
– “The greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own” = Disraeli
To what extent is the New Right internally coherent?
YES:
✓ Limited state + free market
✓ Inequality
✓ Property
NO:
☓ Role of state (rolling back v promoting family marriage etc)
☓ Human nature
☓ Immigration
Equality
Limited state + free market
- Free market allows the state to be ‘rolled-back’
- Most efficient mechanism
– Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations - “We are led by the invisible hand to promote an end that was by no means our intention”
– Schumpter’s ‘Creative Destruction’
– “If you put the government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a shortage of sand” = Friedman
– “We haven’t got a trillion-dollar debt because we don’t tax enough, we have a trillion-dollar debt because we spend too much” = Reagan
– “A much more urgent problem is to protect the consumer against the government” = Friedman
Inequality
– “The tory must defend the right to be unequal” = John Biggs-Davidson
– “For I agree with you there is a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent” = Jefferson
– People with status getting more important jobs → Edward Earl of Derby - PM 3x - longest-serving Tory leader, Lord Salisbury - PM 3x over 13 years
– 2019 study: Britain’s most influential people 5x more likely to be from a private school
- Burke = ‘little platoons’
Property
– “Freedom to use the resources we possess” = Friedman
– “Man’s absolute need of private property” = Roger Scruton
– Embodiment of my will in an object = Hegel
- Oppose inheritance tax
– “The preservation of property” = Locke
– “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born” = Burke
– Rand & Nozick = those with prop more able to protect themselves against govt infringements on their liberty
– U.S Constitution = no quartering of soldiers = 3rd amendment
-Thatcher’s Right to Buy
- Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act
Role of state (rolling back v promoting family marriage etc)
– 80% of American conservatives believe marriage is needed to create strong families
– 58% say society is better off if people make marriage and children a priority
– Thatcher (1988) - family = “a nursery, a school, a hospital, a leisure place, a place of refuge and a place of rest” and “the building block of society”
– The Children Act 1989 = outlined rights of children
– The Child Support Agency (1993) = established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for the upbringing of their children
– Married Couples Allowance = transfer some of personal allowance to encourage marriage over co-habitation
– John Major urged a “back to basics” approach - promoted traditional family values
– Poland: tax deductions for families, family 500+ program, National Family Council (2007)
– The Video Recording Act 1984
– No civil rights leg under Reagan
– Reagan signed Comprehensive Crime Control Act (1984)
– Article 9 ECHR - right to freedom of religion
- 1962 Sup Court ruling - prohibited teachers in public schools forcing kids to say morning prayers
- Bill to deestablish Church of England (sep of Church and state) introduced by Lib Dem peer Paul Scriven
Human nature
- Cons philosophy of imperfection
- Neoconservatives = anti-social behaviour caused by decline in respect for authority = liberal individualism
- Anti-permissiveness
- Hard paternalism
- Rand = “The question isn’t who is going to let me; it’s who is going to stop me”
- Rand = “Learn to value yourself, which means: to fight for your happiness”
- Rand = “man must exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others not sacrificing others to himself. The pursuit of his own rational self-interest and of his own happiness is the highest moral purpose of his life”
– Nozick = more optimistic = all individuals have self-ownership - owners of their own body, mind and abilities
Immigration
– “Swamped by people of a different culture” = Thatcher
– “There will be no further large-scale permanent immigration” = Cons manifesto 1970
– “We believe in holding out the clear prospect of an end to immigration” = Thatcher
– John Stokes = “The Tory party must be seen as the defender and preserver of our way of life”
– Ronald Bell = “There is no law which says we ha
– Malcolm Turnbull = Disraeli Award = non-discriminatory Australian immigration system
– “These are people who wanted to provide for their family and wanted a better life” = Senator Jeff Flake (ex-rep sen)
- Neo-lib - skilled migrants
– Skilled occupations list (identifies jobs in high demand, Australia)
– Howard government = 457 Visa Program (1996) - employers to sponsor skilled workers from overseas to work in Australia for up to 4 years
To what extent do Conservatives agree on paternalism?
YES:
✓ Inequality
✓ Change to conserve / tradition
✓ Human nature (trad + one-nation +neo-cons)
NO:
☓ Rational selfishness
☓ Soft v Hard Paternalism
☓ Limited state
Natural aristocracy
– Cameron personally supporting gay marriage
- Notion of a Big Society (help society regenerate itself by giving citizens the means to look after their communities)
- Post-war consensus (1945-79) = paternalism + Keynesian econ –> Butskellism was used (Butler was a prominent one-nation Tory whereas Gaitskell was a social democrat - so similar)
Tradition
- Burke: “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born”
- G.K. Chesterton = “Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes, our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead”
– “Just as a plant’s new leaves are connected and dependent on the roots, so a society’s present direction stems from its past development” = Oakeshott
– Churchill = the further into the past you look, the clearer the future becomes
– Monarchy = historical wisdom, beyond party politics, national loyalty
– House of Lords
– Year 0 = Khmer Rouge
–French Rev
– Disraeli = “England cannot begin again!”
Justify inequality
– Nixon = you can’t have progress without order, because with disorder, and with revolution, you lose all the progress you have”
– Disraeli = “so ignorant of each other’s thoughts, feelings and habits as if they were inhabitants of different planets”
– “I am a conservative to preserve all that is good in our constitution, a Radical to remove all that is bad. I seek to preserve property and to respect order” = Disraeli
– “For I agree with you there is a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent” = Jefferson
– People with status getting more important jobs → Edward Earl of Derby - PM 3x - longest-serving Tory leader, Lord Salisbury - PM 3x over 13 years
– 2019 study: Britain’s most influential people 5x more likely to be from a private school
Dependency culture (NR)
Soft v Hard Paternalism
- Hard = force choices on people
- Soft = try and influence behaviour
– Mill = “those who…require being taken care of by others, must be protected against their own actions”
– Mill = “despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians”
– The Patriot Act (2001) = detain individuals suspected of terrorism without trial
– 20th C - Ford Motor Company used to access employees’ bank accounts, church attendance, and family life to promote clean & sober lifestyles
– COVID
– Employers and Workmen Act of 1875 (equal protection to employers + employees)
– 1971 - UK govt added ‘Warning by HM Government: Cigarettes Can Damage Your Health’ to cigarette packets
– Cigarette gradual ban from 2027
Duty of Care
To what extent does New Right Conservatism deviate from Traditional Conservatism?
YES:
✓ Human nature
✓ Social attitudes
✓ Immigration
✓ Paternalism (Filby = “by destroying paternalism, Thatcher created a nation more sharply divided into winners and losers”)
NO:
☓ Inequality
☓ Free markets + limited state
☓ Property
Human nature
“Solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short”, “hatred, envy and war” = Hobbes
– Hobbes + Burke saw state as necessary body of authority that had to oversee every aspect of our lives to ensure order and stability
- But Oakeshott = human nature was “fragile and fallible”, yet it was also “benign and benevolent”,”fallible but not terrible”, “imperfect but not immoral”
– Oakeshott = “not so much nasty, brutish and short…as noisy, foolish and flawed”
- Rand = “The question isn’t who is going to let me; it’s who is going to stop me”
- Rand = “Learn to value yourself, which means: to fight for your happiness”
- Rand = “man must exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others not sacrificing others to himself. The pursuit of his own rational self-interest and of his own happiness is the highest moral purpose of his life”
– Nozick = more optimistic = all individuals have self-ownership - owners of their own body, mind and abilities
Role of state (ind lib v judaeo-christian, public moral)
– 80% of American conservatives believe marriage is needed to create strong families
– 58% say society is better off if people make marriage and children a priority
– Thatcher (1988) - family = “a nursery, a school, a hospital, a leisure place, a place of refuge and a place of rest” and “the building block of society”
– The Children Act 1989 = outlined rights of children
– The Child Support Agency (1993) = established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for the upbringing of their children
– Married Couples Allowance = transfer some of personal allowance to encourage marriage over co-habitation
– John Major urged a “back to basics” approach - promoted traditional family values
– The Video Recording Act 1984
– No civil rights leg under Reagan
– Reagan signed Comprehensive Crime Control Act (1984)
– Article 9 ECHR - right to freedom of religion
- 1962 Sup Court ruling - prohibited teachers in public schools forcing kids to say morning prayers
- Bill to deestablish Church of England (sep of Church and state) introduced by Lib Dem peer Paul Scriven
Paternalism
– Thatcher = “More than they wanted freedom, the Athenians wanted security. Yet they lost everything because they wanted not to give to society, but for society to give to them”
–Thatcher = “In the modern world, we should recall the Athenians’ dire fate whenever we confront demands for increased state paternalism”
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
– “Elevate the condition of the people” (Disraeli)
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” - Disraeli
– Disraeli = “the greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own”
– Cameron = Britain had a moral obligation to help developing countries
– Cameron = “Supporting the working people”
Inequality
– “The tory must defend the right to be unequal” = John Biggs-Davidson
– “For I agree with you there is a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent” = Jefferson
– People with status getting more important jobs → Edward Earl of Derby - PM 3x - longest-serving Tory leader, Lord Salisbury - PM 3x over 13 years
– 2019 study: Britain’s most influential people 5x more likely to be from a private school
Free market + limited state
- Free market allows the state to be ‘rolled-back’
- Most efficient mechanism
– Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations - “We are led by the invisible hand to promote an end that was by no means our intention”
– Schumpter’s ‘Creative Destruction’
– “If you put the government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a shortage of sand” = Friedman
– “We haven’t got a trillion-dollar debt because we don’t tax enough, we have a trillion-dollar debt because we spend too much” = Reagan
– “A much more urgent problem is to protect the consumer against the government” = Friedman
- But one-nation favours state intervention more than traditional + neo-cons:
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
Property
- Allows people to get their own property
– “Freedom to use the resources we possess” = Friedman
– “Man’s absolute need of private property” = Roger Scruton
– Embodiment of my will in an object = Hegel
- Oppose inheritance tax
– “The preservation of property” = Locke
– “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born” = Burke
– Rand & Nozick = those with prop more able to protect themselves against govt infringements on their liberty
– U.S Constitution = no quartering of soldiers = 3rd amendment
-Thatcher’s Right to Buy
- Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act
To what extent does One Nation Conservatism deviate from Traditional Conservatism?
YES:
✓ State spending
✓ Rejection of localism to a degree- see society as a whole rather than small areas- Burke vs Disraeli
✓ Immigration (trad-accept inferiority, on- integrate)
NO:
☓ Property
☓ Paternalism
☓ Human nature- hierarchy/tradition/authority
State spending
- State may need to spend more to adopt paternalism + bridge inequality gap
– HS2
- Post-war consensus (1945-79) = paternalism + Keynesian econ –> Butskellism was used (Butler was a prominent one-nation Tory whereas Gaitskell was a social democrat - so similar)
– The creation of 300,000 homes every year for five years following WW2
– The Troubled Families programme
– Every child should have a great education (Such as turning failing schools into academies)
Immigration
– “Swamped by people of a different culture” = Thatcher
– “There will be no further large-scale permanent immigration” = Cons manifesto 1970
– “We believe in holding out the clear prospect of an end to immigration” = Thatcher
– John Stokes = “The Tory party must be seen as the defender and preserver of our way of life”
– Ronald Bell = “There is no law which says we ha
– One Nation MP Sarah Game (Australia) = immigration has “enriched” the nation’s culture and skill base
– “The Conservative Party, unless it is a national party, is nothing” = Disraeli
– Malcolm Turnbull = Disraeli Award = non-discriminatory Australian immigration system
– “These are people who wanted to provide for their family and wanted a better life” = Senator Jeff Flake (ex-rep sen)
Property
– “Freedom to use the resources we possess” = Friedman
– “Man’s absolute need of private property” = Roger Scruton
– Embodiment of my will in an object = Hegel
- Oppose inheritance tax
– “The preservation of property” = Locke
– “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born” = Burke
– Artisans Labourers and Dwellings Improvement Act
– Subsidies after WW2 for housing
Paternalism
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy” = Disraeli
– “elevate the condition of the people” = Disraeli
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” = Disraeli
– “Security at every stage of life” = Cameron
– “The greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own” = Disraeli
– Cameron = Britain had a moral obligation to help developing countries
– Cameron = “Supporting the working people”
Human nature
– “Solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short”, “hatred, envy and war” = Hobbes
– Hobbes + Burke saw state as necessary body of authority that had to oversee every aspect of our lives to ensure order and stability
- But Oakeshott = human nature was “fragile and fallible”, yet it was also “benign and benevolent”,”fallible but not terrible”, “imperfect but not immoral”
– Oakeshott = “not so much nasty, brutish and short…as noisy, foolish and flawed”
– Also to a certain extent goes against inequality because it assumes anyone can be successful and gain economic wealth through the workings of the free market - whereas traditional cons favour hereditary, generational wealth
- Hobbes believed that a truly free market was impossible to achieve as people couldn’t be trusted to operate in such a manner without abusing their freedom
‘Conservatism merely reflects the interests of the privileged and prosperous’. Discuss.
YES:
✓ Inequality
✓ Tradition
✓ Property
NO:
☓ Paternalism
☓ ‘Tory welfarism’
☓ Free market
Inequality
– “The tory must defend the right to be unequal” = John Biggs-Davidson
– “For I agree with you there is a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent” = Jefferson
– People with status getting more important jobs → Edward Earl of Derby - PM 3x - longest-serving Tory leader, Lord Salisbury - PM 3x over 13 years
– 2019 study: Britain’s most influential people 5x more likely to be from a private school
– Burke = ‘little platoons’
Free market / capitalism
– Smith = :The real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspirations”
– Samuel Smiles = self-help
Property
– “Freedom to use the resources we possess” = Friedman
– “Man’s absolute need of private property” = Roger Scruton
– Embodiment of my will in an object = Hegel
- Oppose inheritance tax
– “The preservation of property” = Locke
– “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born” = Burke
– Rand & Nozick = those with prop more able to protect themselves against govt infringements on their liberty
– U.S Constitution = no quartering of soldiers = 3rd amendment
-Thatcher’s Right to Buy
- Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act
Paternalism
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
– “Elevate the condition of the people” (Disraeli)
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” - Disraeli
– Disraeli = “the greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own”
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy”
– Cameron = Britain had a moral obligation to help developing countries
– Cameron = “Supporting the working people”
‘Tory welfarism’
- Harold Macmillan’s Middle Way
– High point - 1950s/60s - using Keynesian economics
- Butskellism was used (Butler was a prominent one-nation Tory whereas Gaitskell was a social democrat - so similar)
– Building 300,000 homes in 5 years after WW2
– Subsidies for housing after WW2
– George Osborne’s Help to Buy scheme
Collectivism
To what extent is conservatism a philosophy of imperfection?
YES:
✓ Human nature
✓ Authority + role of state
✓ Inequality
NO:
☓ Capitalism’s reluctant supporters
☓ Paternalism
☓ Rational selfishness (NR-rational)
Human nature
– “Solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short”, “hatred, envy and war” = Hobbes
– Hobbes + Burke saw state as necessary body of authority that had to oversee every aspect of our lives to ensure order and stability
- But Oakeshott = human nature was “fragile and fallible”, yet it was also “benign and benevolent”,”fallible but not terrible”, “imperfect but not immoral”
– Oakeshott = “not so much nasty, brutish and short…as noisy, foolish and flawed”
Authority + role of state
– Hobbes - law and order can only be provided by the state
– Rand = “When the state becomes flabby, it also becomes feeble”
– “It is the duty of Her Majesty’s government neither to flap nor to falter” - Macmillan
- Trump = “I am the law and order candidate”
- NSA’s surveillance
- Turkey + Russia - laws targeting journalists + activists
- NIXON = “You can’t have progress without order, because when you have disorder, and revolution, you destroy all of the progress you have”
– Hobbes = “it is not wisdom, but authority that makes law”
– Machiavelli’s The Prince (1532) = “end justify the means”
– 80% of American conservatives believe marriage is needed to create strong families
– 58% say society is better off if people make marriage and children a priority
– Thatcher (1988) - family = “a nursery, a school, a hospital, a leisure place, a place of refuge and a place of rest” and “the building block of society”
– The Children Act 1989 = outlined rights of children
– The Child Support Agency (1993) = established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for the upbringing of their children
– Married Couples Allowance = transfer some of personal allowance to encourage marriage over co-habitation
– John Major urged a “back to basics” approach - promoted traditional family values
– The Video Recording Act 1984
– No civil rights leg under Reagan
– Reagan signed Comprehensive Crime Control Act (1984)
Inequality
– “The tory must defend the right to be unequal” = John Biggs-Davidson
– “For I agree with you there is a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent” = Jefferson
– People with status getting more important jobs → Edward Earl of Derby - PM 3x - longest-serving Tory leader, Lord Salisbury - PM 3x over 13 years
– 2019 study: Britain’s most influential people 5x more likely to be from a private school
– Burke = ‘little platoons’
Capitalism’s reluctant supporters
-free market examples
Paternalism
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
– “Elevate the condition of the people” (Disraeli)
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” - Disraeli
– Disraeli = “the greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own”
– Cameron = Britain had a moral obligation to help developing countries
– Cameron = “Supporting the working people”
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy”
Rational selfishness (NR-rational)
- Rand = “The question isn’t who is going to let me; it’s who is going to stop me”
- Rand = “Learn to value yourself, which means: to fight for your happiness”
- Rand = “man must exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others not sacrificing others to himself. The pursuit of his own rational self-interest and of his own happiness is the highest moral purpose of his life”
– Nozick = more optimistic = all individuals have self-ownership - owners of their own body, mind and abilities
To what extent is conservatism a coherent ideology?
YES:
✓ Human nature
✓ Property + property + tradition
✓ Free markets + limited state
NO:
☓ Economy - state intervention + paternalism
☓ Role of state (anti-permissiveness etc)
☓ Immigration (on-unite, neo-lib-don’t mind-consequence of fm)
or
YES:
- Law and order
- Inequality + property
- Limited state
NO
- Tradition v change to conserve
- Authority v liberty
- Free market v human nature
Human nature
– “Solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short”, “hatred, envy and war” = Hobbes
– Hobbes + Burke saw state as necessary body of authority that had to oversee every aspect of our lives to ensure order and stability
- But Oakeshott = human nature was “fragile and fallible”, yet it was also “benign and benevolent”,”fallible but not terrible”, “imperfect but not immoral”
– Oakeshott = “not so much nasty, brutish and short…as noisy, foolish and flawed”
Property
– “Freedom to use the resources we possess” = Friedman
– “Man’s absolute need of private property” = Roger Scruton
– Embodiment of my will in an object = Hegel
- Oppose inheritance tax
– “The preservation of property” = Locke
– “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born” = Burke
– Rand & Nozick = those with prop more able to protect themselves against govt infringements on their liberty
– U.S Constitution = no quartering of soldiers = 3rd amendment
-Thatcher’s Right to Buy
- Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act
Tradition
- Burke: “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born”
- G.K. Chesterton = “Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes, our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead”
– “Just as a plant’s new leaves are connected and dependent on the roots, so a society’s present direction stems from its past development” = Oakeshott
– Churchill = the further into the past you look, the clearer the future becomes
– Monarchy = historical wisdom, beyond party politics, national loyalty
– House of Lords
– Year 0 = Khmer Rouge
–French Rev
– Disraeli = “England cannot begin again!”
Economy (paternalism)
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
– “Elevate the condition of the people” (Disraeli)
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” - Disraeli
– Disraeli = “the greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own”
– Cameron = Britain had a moral obligation to help developing countries
– Cameron = “Supporting the working people”
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy”
Role of the state (promote marriage, public morality v individual liberty)
– 80% of American conservatives believe marriage is needed to create strong families
– 58% say society is better off if people make marriage and children a priority
– Thatcher (1988) - family = “a nursery, a school, a hospital, a leisure place, a place of refuge and a place of rest” and “the building block of society”
– The Children Act 1989 = outlined rights of children
– The Child Support Agency (1993) = established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for the upbringing of their children
– Married Couples Allowance = transfer some of personal allowance to encourage marriage over co-habitation
– John Major urged a “back to basics” approach - promoted traditional family values
– The Video Recording Act 1984
– No civil rights leg under Reagan
– Reagan signed Comprehensive Crime Control Act (1984)
– Article 9 ECHR - right to freedom of religion
- 1962 Sup Court ruling - prohibited teachers in public schools forcing kids to say morning prayers
- Bill to deestablish Church of England (sep of Church and state) introduced by Lib Dem peer Paul Scriven
Immigration
– “Swamped by people of a different culture” = Thatcher
– “There will be no further large-scale permanent immigration” = Cons manifesto 1970
– “We believe in holding out the clear prospect of an end to immigration” = Thatcher
– John Stokes = “The Tory party must be seen as the defender and preserver of our way of life”
– Ronald Bell = “There is no law which says we ha
– One Nation MP Sarah Game (Australia) = immigration has “enriched” the nation’s culture and skill base
– “The Conservative Party, unless it is a national party, is nothing” = Disraeli
– Malcolm Turnbull = Disraeli Award = non-discriminatory Australian immigration system
– “These are people who wanted to provide for their family and wanted a better life” = Senator Jeff Flake (ex-rep sen)
To what extent do Conservatives agree on society?
YES:
✓ Inequality
✓ Law and order
✓ Organicism + tradition
or property
NO:
☓ Paternalism
☓ Immigration
☓ Judaeo-Christian morality (1 nation more liberal)
Inequality
– “The tory must defend the right to be unequal” = John Biggs-Davidson
– “For I agree with you there is a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent” = Jefferson
– People with status getting more important jobs → Edward Earl of Derby - PM 3x - longest-serving Tory leader, Lord Salisbury - PM 3x over 13 years
– 2019 study: Britain’s most influential people 5x more likely to be from a private school
– Burke = ‘little platoons’
Law and order
– Hobbes - law and order can only be provided by the state
– Rand = “When the state becomes flabby, it also becomes feeble”
– “It is the duty of Her Majesty’s government neither to flap nor to falter” - Macmillan
- Trump = “I am the law and order candidate”
- NSA’s surveillance
- Turkey + Russia - laws targeting journalists + activists
- NIXON = “You can’t have progress without order, because when you have disorder, and revolution, you destroy all of the progress you have”
– Hobbes = “it is not wisdom, but authority that makes law”
– Machiavelli’s The Prince (1532) = “end justify the means”
Organicism + tradition
- Burke: “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born”
- G.K. Chesterton = “Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes, our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead”
– “Just as a plant’s new leaves are connected and dependent on the roots, so a society’s present direction stems from its past development” = Oakeshott
– Churchill = the further into the past you look, the clearer the future becomes
– Monarchy = historical wisdom, beyond party politics, national loyalty
– House of Lords
– Year 0 = Khmer Rouge
–French Rev
– Disraeli = “England cannot begin again!”
Paternalism
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
– “Elevate the condition of the people” (Disraeli)
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” - Disraeli
– Disraeli = “the greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own”
– Cameron = Britain had a moral obligation to help developing countries
– Cameron = “Supporting the working people”
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy” = Disraeli
Immigration
– “Swamped by people of a different culture” = Thatcher
– “There will be no further large-scale permanent immigration” = Cons manifesto 1970
– “We believe in holding out the clear prospect of an end to immigration” = Thatcher
– John Stokes = “The Tory party must be seen as the defender and preserver of our way of life”
– Ronald Bell = “There is no law which says we ha
– One Nation MP Sarah Game (Australia) = immigration has “enriched” the nation’s culture and skill base
– “The Conservative Party, unless it is a national party, is nothing” = Disraeli
– Malcolm Turnbull = Disraeli Award = non-discriminatory Australian immigration system
– “These are people who wanted to provide for their family and wanted a better life” = Senator Jeff Flake (ex-rep sen)
Judaeo-Christian morality (1 nation more liberal)
– 80% of American conservatives believe marriage is needed to create strong families
– 58% say society is better off if people make marriage and children a priority
– Thatcher (1988) - family = “a nursery, a school, a hospital, a leisure place, a place of refuge and a place of rest” and “the building block of society”
– The Children Act 1989 = outlined rights of children
– The Child Support Agency (1993) = established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for the upbringing of their children
– Married Couples Allowance = transfer some of personal allowance to encourage marriage over co-habitation
– John Major urged a “back to basics” approach - promoted traditional family values
– The Video Recording Act 1984
– No civil rights leg under Reagan
– Reagan signed Comprehensive Crime Control Act (1984)
– Article 9 ECHR - right to freedom of religion
- 1962 Sup Court ruling - prohibited teachers in public schools forcing kids to say morning prayers
- Bill to deestablish Church of England (sep of Church and state) introduced by Lib Dem peer Paul Scriven
To what extent do Conservatives agree on the economy?
YES:
✓ Property
✓ Free market (+free trade)
✓ Limited state
NO:
☓ Paternalism
☓ Tory Welfarism
☓ Immigration
Property
– “Freedom to use the resources we possess” = Friedman
– “Man’s absolute need of private property” = Roger Scruton
– Embodiment of my will in an object = Hegel
- Oppose inheritance tax
– “The preservation of property” = Locke
– “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born” = Burke
– Rand & Nozick = those with prop more able to protect themselves against govt infringements on their liberty
– U.S Constitution = no quartering of soldiers = 3rd amendment
-Thatcher’s Right to Buy
- Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act
Free market (+free trade)
- Free market allows the state to be ‘rolled-back’
- Most efficient mechanism
– Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations - “We are led by the invisible hand to promote an end that was by no means our intention”
– Schumpter’s ‘Creative Destruction’
- NAFTA
Limited state
– “If you put the government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a shortage of sand” = Friedman
– “We haven’t got a trillion-dollar debt because we don’t tax enough, we have a trillion-dollar debt because we spend too much” = Reagan
– “A much more urgent problem is to protect the consumer against the government” = Friedman
– Thatcher letting 20 mines close - 20,000 jobs
– Sunak - “leaving business bleed to death” as Chancellor
Tory welfarism
- Harold Macmillan’s Middle Way
– High point - 1950s/60s - using Keynesian economics
– Butskellism was used (Butler was a prominent one-nation Tory whereas Gaitskell was a social democrat - so similar)
– Building 300,000 homes in 5 years after WW2
– Subsidies for housing after WW2
– George Osborne’s Help to Buy scheme
Paternalism
– “Security at every stage of life”, “Supporting the working class” = Cameron
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
– “Elevate the condition of the people” (Disraeli)
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” - Disraeli
– Disraeli = “the greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own”
– Cameron = Britain had a moral obligation to help developing countries
– Cameron = “Supporting the working people”
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy” = Disraeli
To what extent do Conservatives agree on the importance of tradition?
YES:
✓ Organic society
✓ Property
✓ Inequality
NO:
☓ Change to conserve
☓ Immigration
☓ Social attitudes
Create community (one nation the nation new right anti-permissiveness traditional little platoons)
Organism + Empiricism
Noblesse oblige + paternalism
Paternalism (NR)
To what extent do Conservatives agree on human nature?
YES:
✓ Minimal state
✓ Law and order
✓ Inequality
NO:
☓ Imperfection v rational selfishness
☓ Paternalism
☓ Social attitudes (marriage, family, religion etc.)
Philosophy of imperfection
– “Solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short”, “hatred, envy and war” = Hobbes
– Hobbes + Burke saw state as necessary body of authority that had to oversee every aspect of our lives to ensure order and stability
- But Oakeshott = human nature was “fragile and fallible”, yet it was also “benign and benevolent”,”fallible but not terrible”, “imperfect but not immoral”
– Oakeshott = “not so much nasty, brutish and short…as noisy, foolish and flawed”
Law and order
– Hobbes - law and order can only be provided by the state
– Rand = “When the state becomes flabby, it also becomes feeble”
– “It is the duty of Her Majesty’s government neither to flap nor to falter” - Macmillan
- Trump = “I am the law and order candidate”
- NSA’s surveillance
- Turkey + Russia - laws targeting journalists + activists
- NIXON = “You can’t have progress without order, because when you have disorder, and revolution, you destroy all of the progress you have”
Rational selfishness
- Rand = “The question isn’t who is going to let me; it’s who is going to stop me”
- Rand = “Learn to value yourself, which means: to fight for your happiness”
- Rand = “man must exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others not sacrificing others to himself. The pursuit of his own rational self-interest and of his own happiness is the highest moral purpose of his life”
– Nozick = more optimistic = all individuals have self-ownership - owners of their own body, mind and abilities
Individual liberty (NR)
– Article 9 ECHR - right to freedom of religion
- 1962 Sup Court ruling - prohibited teachers in public schools forcing kids to say morning prayers
- Bill to deestablish Church of England (sep of Church and state) introduced by Lib Dem peer Paul Scriven
‘Political and moral Conservatism is the most important aspect of Conservatism’. Discuss.
YES:
✓ Family
✓ Church
✓ Authority / law + order
NO:
☓ Society
☓ Economy
☓ Key concepts
Family
– 80% of American conservatives believe marriage is needed to create strong families
– 58% say society is better off if people make marriage and children a priority
– Thatcher (1988) - family = “a nursery, a school, a hospital, a leisure place, a place of refuge and a place of rest” and “the building block of society”
– The Children Act 1989 = outlined rights of children
– The Child Support Agency (1993) = established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for the upbringing of their children
– Married Couples Allowance = transfer some of personal allowance to encourage marriage over co-habitation
– John Major urged a “back to basics” approach - promoted traditional family values
Church
– Disraeli = “Tradition has allowed us to create the greatest empire of all time”
– Disraeli = “invisible customs that shape our lives”
– Disraeli = “England cannot begin again”
– US Catholics = 50% Reps, 47% Dem
– 2017 GE = 58% Anglicans Cons, 28% Labour
– White Catholic = 54% Rep, 40% Dem
– 2018: 46% Dem, 52% Rep
– 2020: 50% Dem, 49% Rep
– 2022: 34% Dem, 64% Rep
Authority / law + order
– Hobbes = “it is not wisdom, but authority that makes law”
– Machiavelli’s The Prince (1532) = “end justify the means”
– The Video Recording Act 1984
– No civil rights leg under Reagan
– Reagan signed Comprehensive Crime Control Act (1984)
– Hobbes - law and order can only be provided by the state
– Rand = “When the state becomes flabby, it also becomes feeble”
– “It is the duty of Her Majesty’s government neither to flap nor to falter” - Macmillan
- Trump = “I am the law and order candidate”
- NSA’s surveillance
- Turkey + Russia - laws targeting journalists + activists
- NIXON = “You can’t have progress without order, because when you have disorder, and revolution, you destroy all of the progress you have”
Society
– “The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy” = Disraeli
– “elevate the condition of the people” = Disraeli
– “I must follow the people. Am I not their leader?” = Disraeli
– “Security at every stage of life” = Cameron
– “The greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to him his own” = Disraeli
– Cameron = moral obligation
– Post-war consensus (1945-79) = paternalism + Keynesian econ –> Butskellism was used (Butler was a prominent one-nation Tory whereas Gaitskell was a social democrat - so similar)
– Artisan’s and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act = Disraeli
– Cameron = “Supporting the working people”
- Immigration???
Economy
– “If you put the government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a shortage of sand” = Friedman
– “We haven’t got a trillion-dollar debt because we don’t tax enough, we have a trillion-dollar debt because we spend too much” = Reagan
– “A much more urgent problem is to protect the consumer against the government” = Friedman
– Thatcher letting 20 mines close - 20,000 jobs
– Sunak - “leaving business bleed to death” as Chancellor
– Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations - “We are led by the invisible hand to promote an end that was by no means our intention”
– Schumpter’s ‘Creative Destruction’
- NAFTA
– “Freedom to use the resources we possess” = Friedman
– “Man’s absolute need of private property” = Roger Scruton
– Embodiment of my will in an object = Hegel
- Oppose inheritance tax
– “The preservation of property” = Locke
– “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born” = Burke
– Rand & Nozick = those with prop more able to protect themselves against govt infringements on their liberty
Key concepts
- Burke: “‘A partnership between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born”
- G.K. Chesterton = “Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes, our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead”
– “Just as a plant’s new leaves are connected and dependent on the roots, so a society’s present direction stems from its past development” = Oakeshott
– Churchill = the further into the past you look, the clearer the future becomes
– Monarchy = historical wisdom, beyond party politics, national loyalty
– House of Lords
– Year 0 = Khmer Rouge
–French Rev
– “The tory must defend the right to be unequal” = John Biggs-Davidson
– “For I agree with you there is a natural aristocracy among men. The grounds of this are virtue and talent” = Jefferson
– People with status getting more important jobs → Edward Earl of Derby - PM 3x - longest-serving Tory leader, Lord Salisbury - PM 3x over 13 years
– 2019 study: Britain’s most influential people 5x more likely to be from a private school
- Burke = ‘little platoons’
Conservatism is in retreat. Discuss with reference to two global regions.
YES:
✓ Liberalism
✓ Socialism
✓ Nationalism
NO:
☓ Political
☓ Economic
☓ Social
(US+Poland)
‘Conservativism is full of contradictions’. Discuss
YES:
✓ Tradition - change to conserve
✓ Inequality - paternalism
✓ Strong state - minimal state
NO:
☓ Free markets
☓ Law + order
☓ Property
To what extent is paternalism the most important concept in Conservatism?
YES:
✓ Soft + hard paternalism
✓ One nation (+ prevent rev)
✓ Justify inequality
NO:
☓ Human nature (philosophy of imperfection)
☓ Law and order
☓ Property / tradition
To what extent is organic society the most important concept in Conservatism?
YES:
✓ Tradition
✓ Change to conserve
✓ Hierarchy / inequality
NO:
☓ Free markets
☓ Law + order
☓ Property, human nature, family + marriage etc.
Change to conserve
– Burke = “A society without the means of change is without the means of its conservation”
– Disraeli = “The Tory party is a national party or it is nothing”
– Tory Welsh Sec Nicholas Edwards - S4C, millions for Welsh language, May - Wales Act (2017). Growing support in Wales (tho still small: 2011 = 14, 2016 = 11, 2018 = 16)
– Monarchy
– Macmillan = Life Peerages Act
To what extent is tradition the most important concept in Conservatism?
YES:
✓ Organic society
✓ Inequality
✓ Property
NO:
☓ Change to conserve
☓ Human nature
☓ Free market, minimal state
To what extent are Conservatives divided over the issue of immigration?
YES:
✓ Integration
✓ Rights of minorities
✓ Welfare
NO:
☓ Organic society
☓ Change to conserve ?
☓ Free market
Integration
- Paternalistic conservatives - more flexible
– Burke = “little platoons” - localised communities who retain their cultural identity , but can integrate in society
- Traditional + neo-cons - more strict - integrate to promote anti-permissiveness
- Multiculturalism weakens the bond in society
- Immigration threatens tradition + order
– Thatcher = “swamped by people of a different culture”
– Neo-Reaganism ‘good’ USA confronted ‘evil’ (terrorist + rogue states that possess weapons of mass destruction)
– ‘Hard Wilsonianism’ - desire to spread US-style democracy through world by ‘regime change’
– War on Terror - Afghanistan (2001), Iraq (2003)
Rights of minorities
- Traditional - inferior
- Inequality examples
– Thatcher - little interest for women or minority rights
– Edwina Currie in 1988 went to Thatcher to get approval for the world’s first national breast-screening programme - tried to appeal initially “as a woman” - unsuccessful. - instead: “I put it to her that we would be saving money”
– Thatcher = “I owe nothing to women’s lib”
– Reagan = no civil right leg
Welfare
‘The main tensions in Conservatism stem from the economy’. Discuss
YES:
✓ Free market v stability
✓ Paternalism
✓ Tory welfarism v limited state
NO:
☓ Authority v liberty
☓ Human nature
☓ Tradition v change to conserve
‘Conservatives pay little attention to the rights of minorities’. Discuss.
YES:
✓ Immigration
✓ Inequality (+tradition)
✓ Free market + limited state
✓ Anti-permissiveness - Judaeo-Christian morality
NO:
☓ Change to conserve (integration)
☓ Paternalism
☓ Tory welfarism
‘Conservatives have a negative attitude towards immigration’. Discuss
YES:
✓ Limit
✓ Anti-permissiveness (Judaeo-Christian)
✓ Rights of minorities (inequality)
NO
☓ Change to conserve - integrate - one-nation
☓ Neo-lib - liberty
☓ Paternalism
Change to conserve
- One-nation - integrate
– “These are people who wanted to provide for their family and wanted a better life” = Senator Jeff Flake (ex-rep sen)
– Burke = “A society without the means of change is without the means of its conservation”
– Disraeli = “The Tory party is a national party or it is nothing”
Neo-lib - liberty
- Natural consequence of free market
– Article 9 ECHR - right to freedom of religion
– 1962 Sup Court ruling - prohibited teachers in public schools forcing kids to say morning prayers
- Bill to de-establish Church of England (sep of Church and state) introduced by Lib Dem peer Paul Scriven
