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AQA Environmental science questions > Conservation of Biodiversity > Flashcards

Conservation of Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biomimetics?

A

The use of knowledge of the adaptations of other species, to improve the designs of manufactured items

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2
Q

Why do we need to conserve biodiversity? (6 things)

A

Resources
Biomimetics
Medicines
Physiological research
Pest control species
Genetic resources

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3
Q

How does biodiversity give us resources?

A

Wood: manufacture of buildings, tools, furniture
Fibres: cotton, wool, paper
Oils: vegetable and animal oils are used in foods, lubricants, soaps
Fuels: wood, charcoal, alcohol,
Food: plants, animals, algae, fungi

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4
Q

How does biodiversity help us with genetic resources?

A

Crop breeding programmes

Characteristics introduced from CWR (crop wild relative) species
-disease resistance
-salt tolerance
-resistance to drought
-high yield
-improved taste or appearance
-nutrient uptake

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5
Q

Ecosystem services

A

Atmospheric composition
Hydrological cycle
Biogeochemical cycle
Soil maintenance
Inter species relationships
Food
Pollination
Seed dispersal
Habitat provision

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6
Q

What is a valvilov centre (of diversity)

A

A geographical area that contains a large amount of close relatives of important crop species (before domestication and selective breeding)

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7
Q

What is the significance of poppies in the development of new medicines?

A

Poppies produce opioids such as morphine which are used to treat chronic pain

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8
Q

What is the significance of willow bark in the development of new medicines?

A

Willow bark was historically used to produce aspirin which acts as a painkiller

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9
Q

How have squids contributed to physiological research?

A

Squids have been used to increase scientists’ understanding of the human nervous system and allowed the development of treatments for Alzheimer’s due to their long nerve cells

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10
Q

How have armadillos contributed to physiological research?

A

Armadillos have been used to increase scientists’ understanding of leprosy and allowed the development of vaccinations for the disease as they are one of the few animal species that can catch it

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11
Q

What is biological control?

A

The use of living organisms to control the population of agricultural pests

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12
Q

How have parasitic wasps been used for biological control?

A

Parasitic wasps hatch from inside a dead aphid and then lays its eggs inside other aphids (often used in greenhouses)

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13
Q

What is a CWR?

A

Crop Wild Relative - a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant used for food production

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14
Q

How does domestication and selective breeding affect genetic diversity?

A

Genetic diversity is decreased

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15
Q

What is in-situ conservation?

A

Conservation within a species natural habitat

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16
Q

How can plants be conserved?

A

Seed banks such as The Millennium Seed Bank (MSB) can store 10000 seeds/species to ensure a diverse gene pool.

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17
Q

What is soft release?

A

When an animal is released into a protected environment within its natural habitat as part of a release program with additional support

18
Q

What is hard release?

A

When an animal is directly released into it’s habitat

19
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

a species that has a disproportionally large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance eg beavers

20
Q

What is a flagship species?

A

a species chosen to raise support for biodiversity conservation

21
Q

What is an endemic species?

A

Species found in one place and nowhere else eg Giant Panda in China

22
Q

Give 3 things the Wildlife and Countryside Acts make an offence?

A
  • Intentionally killing, injuring or taking an wild bird egg/nest.
  • Pick, uproot, trade or possess (for the purpose of trade) wild plants.
  • Releasing non-native species which may be detrimental to native wildlife.
23
Q

What is the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species?

A

The world’s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species.

24
Q

When deciding if an animal species goes on the IUCN Red List, what things are considered?

A
  • Population size
  • Geographic range (degree of population dispersal)
  • evolutionary unique species
  • endemic species
    -keystone species
    -flagship species
25
Q

Give methods of increasing breeding success and briefly outline them.

A

Cryopreservation: The freezing of eggs, semen and embryos for future use. They can be transported much easier than parent animals.
Embryo Transfer: Some species don’t have many females which slows reproduction. This slows reproduction rate as pregnancy can be long. Eggs are obtained and fertilised, then implanted into a female of a more common species.
Artificial insemination: involved the collection of semen from a male and it’s insertion into a female to produce offspring
Cloning

26
Q

examples of biomimicry vehicle design

A

splayed wingtip feathers of soaring birds reduce wind turbulence and drag- used for aircraft wing designs to increase fuel efficiency

27
Q

examples of biomimicry in medicine

A

coating material that imitates shark skin used in hospitals to control bacterial infections

28
Q

define gene pool

A

the total number of different genes present in all individuals in a population of a particular species

29
Q

Threats to biodiversity

A

1) Direct exploitation eg for food, fashion, medicine and furniture
2) Eradication of predators and competitors eg of humans, livestock, pathogen vectors
3) Changes in biotic factors eg water avaliability and drying out of wetland habitat, temperature, PH, pollution, water turbidity
4) Changes in abiotic factors eg loss of pollinators or seed dispersal species
5) Introduced species

30
Q

What is ex-situ conservation?

A

Conservation efforts away from where a species would normally live

31
Q

What has to be considered with captive breeding programs?

A

1) Habitat size
2) Food requirements
3) Species interrelationships
4) Financial constraints

32
Q

Factors that inhibit success of captive breeding programs

A

1) Conditions for breeding eg precise timing of breeding
2) Population interactions and breeding success eg some species breed more successfully if breeding adults are seperate from the other adults
3) Breeding habitat eg one that includes a suitable site for courtship display
4) Hybridisation-(interbreeding of species that wouldn’t normally meet in wild) offspring will be different from wild population and my not be as well adapted for survival

33
Q

key features of successful release programs

A

1) large enough suitable habitat
2) reliable food supplies
3) low predation risk
4) water

34
Q

problems faced by released individuals?

A

1) Hunting skills
2) recognising poisonous foods
3) being accepted into social groups
4) recognising and avoiding predators

35
Q

Example of a species that could be domesticated/food resource in future

A

American Bison- graze grasslands that are too poor for cattle

36
Q

How has biomimicry influenced Architecture?

A

Mounds that termites construct above the ground have their own natural solar-driven ventilation system- this system has been copied in office blocks to create cooling without the need for AC

37
Q

How has biomimicry influenced Adhesion?

A

toes of gecko lizards have pads that provide strong adhesion- being copied eg with velcro

38
Q

Examples of physiological research

A

1) Marsupials develop in their mother’s pouch- studying a developing kangaroo in a pouch is easier than studying a human baby of the same age inside it’s mothers womb
2) Studying dolphins and bats that use high frequency sound to echo-locate their food has enabled the development of new ultrasound scanners

39
Q

EDGE species

A

‘Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered’

40
Q

UK protected areas designated mainly for wildlife conservation

A

-National Nature Reserve (NNR)
-Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
-Special Protection Area (SPA)
-Ramsar sites
-Marine Nature Reserve (MNR)
-Local Nature Reserve (LNR)
-Marine Protected Area (MPA)
-Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ)

AQA Environmental science questions (10 decks)

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