CONSERVATION GENETICS PART 1 Flashcards
Conservation genetics is…
the application of genetics
to preserve species as dynamic entities capable of
coping with environmental change.
DNA stands for..
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DNA is made up of 4 basic …. which are … and are packed into…
made of 4 basic nucleotides (G, A,
T, C) arranged in sequence and “packed” in chromosomes
DNA-….-…..-…..-…..
DNA>RNA>Proteins>Metabolites>Function
what is intra and inter species levels
Intraspecific variation refers to variation within a single species.Interspecific variation refers to variation between different species
Genteic data can be used to analyze diversity at different ……. …….. . and give 4 examples
taxonomic levels
- Communites
-Species
-Populations
-Individuals
A gene pool is
The total array of genes in a population
GENOME
the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
GENOTYPE
The partial or entire genetic information (i.e. genes, their variants
and relative function) of an individua
PHENOTYPE
An organism’s observable traits and characteristics constitute its
PHENOTYPE
ALLELES
Individuals within a population are genetically different to
each other because they each have slightly different
variants of the same (homologous) genes. Such variants
are called ALLELES
Factors affecting changes in genetic diveristy, (Diagram)
Lecture 1 slide 12
Mutations
MUTATIONS are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, which occur during DNA replication or due to exposure to mutagenic substances or viral pathogens
GENETIC DRIFT
GENETIC DRIFT corresponds to random changes in allele frequency between generations
Gene FLow
is the movement of genes from one population
to another (e.g. through dispersal/migration)
NATURAL SELECTION
is the mechanism by which some
(the fittest) individuals are more successful than others at passing on their genes to the next generation
ADAPTATION
is a (short term) process by which individuals’
characteristics (traits) change to become better suited to different environments (e.g. diadromous life cycles)
EVOLUTION
is a (long term) process by which heritable
characteristics change over generations leading to new distinct entities which share a common origin (e.g. speciation).
Adaptive genetic vartion leads to what main processes of interest
Seletion and local adaptation
Neutral genetic vartion leads to what main processes of interest
Gene flow, genetic drift
Name the two strategies for conservation of adaptive genetic diversity among popultions
increasing gene flow and preventing population admixture
PRos and cons of Increasing gene flow
PRo -
Increases overall genetic diversity
Increases potential for future adaptions
Reduced risk of local extintion
Con
Loss of local adaption
Outbredding depression
Loss of fitness
Advised if… and revealed by… for increasing gene flow.
Advised if stronf selection maintiains adaption
Revealed by limited gene flow among habitats for loci ( also Called Locus:is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located) under selection only
PRos and cons of Preventing popultaion admixture
PRos
Preservers local adaptions
Cons
Loos of genetic diversity
Advised if and revealed by …. for preventing popultaions admixture
Advised if isolation favours adaptions
Revealed by limited gene flow among habitiats for both neutral and adaptive loci (is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located)
How is genetic diversity measured?
-Tissue or environmental sample>DNA isolation/extraction>Direect sequencing
-Tissue or environmental sample>DNA isolation/extraction>Amplicon genetics>PCR>GEl electrophoresis, SAnger sequencing, qPCR.
What does PCR stand for
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Two most common genes used for barcode sequecing
cytb and COI
cytochrome B and Cytochrome c oxidase I
Genetic markers are..
Genetic markers are tools that enable the investigation
of DNA sequence variation (or lack of). These can be indirect (e.g. a phenotype controlled by a gene) or direct features (e.g. DNA sequence) that provide data
that can be analysed as a measure of genetic diversity.
NAme two DNA sequencing databases
GEnbank and BOLD (Barcode of life database)
