CONSERVATION GENETICS PART 1

Question 1

Conservation genetics is…

Answer 1

the application of genetics
to preserve species as dynamic entities capable of
coping with environmental change.

Question 2

DNA stands for..

Answer 2

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

Question 3

DNA is made up of 4 basic …. which are … and are packed into…

Answer 3

made of 4 basic nucleotides (G, A,
T, C) arranged in sequence and “packed” in chromosomes

Question 4

DNA-….-…..-…..-…..

Answer 4

DNA>RNA>Proteins>Metabolites>Function

Question 5

what is intra and inter species levels

Answer 5

Intraspecific variation refers to variation within a single species.Interspecific variation refers to variation between different species

Question 6

Genteic data can be used to analyze diversity at different ……. …….. . and give 4 examples

Answer 6

taxonomic levels
- Communites
-Species
-Populations
-Individuals

Question 7

A gene pool is

Answer 7

The total array of genes in a population

Question 8

GENOME

Answer 8

the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

Question 9

GENOTYPE

Answer 9

The partial or entire genetic information (i.e. genes, their variants
and relative function) of an individua

Question 10

PHENOTYPE

Answer 10

An organism’s observable traits and characteristics constitute its
PHENOTYPE

Question 11

ALLELES

Answer 11

Individuals within a population are genetically different to
each other because they each have slightly different
variants of the same (homologous) genes. Such variants
are called ALLELES

Question 12

Factors affecting changes in genetic diveristy, (Diagram)

Answer 12

Lecture 1 slide 12

Question 13

Mutations

Answer 13

MUTATIONS are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, which occur during DNA replication or due to exposure to mutagenic substances or viral pathogens

Question 14

GENETIC DRIFT

Answer 14

GENETIC DRIFT corresponds to random changes in allele frequency between generations

Question 15

Gene FLow

Answer 15

is the movement of genes from one population
to another (e.g. through dispersal/migration)

Question 16

NATURAL SELECTION

Answer 16

is the mechanism by which some
(the fittest) individuals are more successful than others at passing on their genes to the next generation

Question 17

ADAPTATION

Answer 17

is a (short term) process by which individuals’
characteristics (traits) change to become better suited to different environments (e.g. diadromous life cycles)

Question 18

EVOLUTION

Answer 18

is a (long term) process by which heritable
characteristics change over generations leading to new distinct entities which share a common origin (e.g. speciation).

Question 19

Adaptive genetic vartion leads to what main processes of interest

Answer 19

Seletion and local adaptation

Question 20

Neutral genetic vartion leads to what main processes of interest

Answer 20

Gene flow, genetic drift

Question 21

Name the two strategies for conservation of adaptive genetic diversity among popultions

Answer 21

increasing gene flow and preventing population admixture

Question 22

PRos and cons of Increasing gene flow

Answer 22

PRo -
Increases overall genetic diversity
Increases potential for future adaptions
Reduced risk of local extintion
Con
Loss of local adaption
Outbredding depression
Loss of fitness

Question 23

Advised if… and revealed by… for increasing gene flow.

Answer 23

Advised if stronf selection maintiains adaption
Revealed by limited gene flow among habitats for loci ( also Called Locus:is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located) under selection only

Question 24

PRos and cons of Preventing popultaion admixture

Answer 24

PRos
Preservers local adaptions
Cons
Loos of genetic diversity

Question 25

Advised if and revealed by …. for preventing popultaions admixture

Answer 25

Advised if isolation favours adaptions
Revealed by limited gene flow among habitiats for both neutral and adaptive loci (is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located)

Question 26

How is genetic diversity measured?

Answer 26

-Tissue or environmental sample>DNA isolation/extraction>Direect sequencing
-Tissue or environmental sample>DNA isolation/extraction>Amplicon genetics>PCR>GEl electrophoresis, SAnger sequencing, qPCR.

Question 27

What does PCR stand for

Answer 27

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 28

Two most common genes used for barcode sequecing

Answer 28

cytb and COI
cytochrome B and Cytochrome c oxidase I

Question 29

Genetic markers are..

Answer 29

Genetic markers are tools that enable the investigation
of DNA sequence variation (or lack of). These can be indirect (e.g. a phenotype controlled by a gene) or direct features (e.g. DNA sequence) that provide data
that can be analysed as a measure of genetic diversity.

Question 30

NAme two DNA sequencing databases

Answer 30

GEnbank and BOLD (Barcode of life database)