Conservation

Question 1

what did the national parks and access to the countryside act 1949 do? 4 points

Answer 1

allowed the designation of:

1) national parks
2) AONB’s
3) Local nature reserves (LNR)
4) National nature reserves (NNR)

Question 2

What does AONB stand for

Answer 2

Area of outstanding natural beauty

Question 3

what is a metapopulation?

Answer 3

it is a group within a species. for example different herds of deer are different groups but they are all part of the same species

Question 4

what are two types of disturbance?

Answer 4

natural disturbance

man made

Question 5

5 examples of natural disturbances:

Answer 5

Wild fires

flooding

earthquakes

high winds

volcanos

Question 6

what are the two different types of fire disturbance?

Answer 6

crown fire

surface fire

Question 7

disturbances are categorised by? 4 points

Answer 7

size

severity

intensity

type

Question 8

2 man made disturbances:

Answer 8

Controlled fire patches

grazing patches

Question 9

what is ecological succession

Answer 9

its a process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time

Question 10

what criteria are used to decide which habitats need protection? 4 points

Answer 10

Habitat vulnerability

Present species vulnerability

Value to ecosystem

Local and global distribution

Question 11

what are the two types of succession?

Answer 11

primary and secondary

Question 12

what is primary succession?

Answer 12

It is the succession of a habitat in an area that is considered lifeless

Question 13

what is secondary succession?

Answer 13

is the succession of a habitat that was previously colonised after it has been damaged

Question 14

2 examples of primary succession:

Answer 14

plants growing after a lava flow

plants growing on a new sand dune

Question 15

2 examples of secondary succession:

Answer 15

regrowth after a forest fire

regrowth after clear felling a site

Question 16

When was the RSPCA founded?

Answer 16

1840

Question 17

When was the RSPB founded?

Answer 17

1904

Question 18

Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 (4 points)

Answer 18

1) Public rights of way
2) new sssi designations
3) protection of species
4) Natural Environment & Rural Communities Act 2006 (NERC)

Question 19

UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework (4 points)

Answer 19

1) Address underlying causes of biodiversity loss
2) Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity
3) Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems
4) Enhance benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystems

Question 20

What effect does reducing population size have on genetic diversity?

Answer 20

Reduces genetic diversity through in-breeding causing less fit individuals. This causes Genetic Drift

Question 21

What effect does low genetic diversity have on species conservation?

Answer 21

Reduces Conservation effect due to:

The Allele Effect
Increased risk from catastrophes and stochasticity
Resulting in a negative feedback chain

Question 22

What effect does high genetic diversity have on species conservation? 3 points

Answer 22

Potential for evolutionary change (natural selection)

Increases fitness of individuals

More diverse system withstands variability better

Question 23

What does In Situ Conservation consist of? 4 points

Answer 23

Species Protection

Site Protection

Site Management

All in their natural habitat

Question 24

What does Ex Situ Conservation consist of?

Answer 24

Living Collections (zoos, botanical gardens)
Germplasm Collections (agricultural species)
(This is expensive and increases disease risk but improves reproductive success and is longer term)

Question 25

What happens when In and Ex Situ methods are combined?

Answer 25

Species are bred in captivity but released into their natural habitat when ready. Habitats and species remain protected.

Question 26

What are the problems with focusing on species protection? 4 points

Answer 26

Expensive

Can only save a fraction of threatened species

Doesn’t address the underlying causes of species loss

No attention paid to habitats and ecosystem services