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BI3452: Systems Neuroscience > Consciousness and arousal 1 > Flashcards

Consciousness and arousal 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is dualism, monism and epiphenomalism?

3 marks

A
  • Monism
    • mind and matter same thing
  • Dualism:
    • Mind and body are seperate
  • Epiphenomalism:
    • mental phenomena caused by physical processes in the brain
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2
Q

Define the ‘neural correlate of consciousness’.

2 marks

A

Smallest set of brain mechanisms and events sufficient for specific conscious feeling

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3
Q

What is the hard problem of consciousness?

1 mark

A

That its a subjective experience - how can we know we are seeing the same thing

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4
Q

What are the 2 levels of consciousness?
2 marks

A
  • Arousal/state of consciousness - can be measured behaviourally by signal amplitude that triggers criterion reaction
  • Content of consciousnes and conscious states
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5
Q

What are the different states of consciousness?

3 marks

A
  • Persistent vegetative state
  • Comatose state
  • Minimally conscious state
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6
Q

What is major consciousness loss usually a result of?

1 mark

A

Brain damage - certain amount of processing occurs on sensory side

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7
Q

What do hemispheric lesions to V1 result in?
2 marks

A
  • Patient may be blind on one side but due to central processing may be able to visualize moving gratings
  • Shows that the processes go on in the brain that may influence behaviour
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8
Q

What is ‘blindsight’?

1 mark

A

Sufferer responds to visual stimuli without actually perceiving it themselves

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9
Q

What does multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) do?

1 mark

A

Examines pattern of responses across many voxels simultaneously

  • achieved by viewing voxel activity pattern as points in multidimensional space
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10
Q

What things fall under ‘decoding perceptual experiences’ and ‘decoding other mental states’?

2 marks

A
  • Decoding perceptual experiences: object categories, natural images
  • Decoding other mental states: memories, thoughts, lie detection
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11
Q

What is a limitation of MVPA studies?

1 mark

A
  • Has limited number of categories but in real life person can have a limitless nuber of thoughts
  • Most people have 2 or more thoughts concurrently
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12
Q

What is BOLD-fMRI?

1 mark

A

Blood oxygen level dependent fMRI - reliant on changes in blood pressure

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the basal state of BOLD fMRI signal?

3 marks

A
  • Normal flow
  • Basal level (Hbr)
  • Basal CBV
  • Normal MRI signal
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14
Q

What is the activated state of BOLD fMRI?
4 marks

A
  • Increased flow
  • Decreased (Hbr)
  • Increased CBV
  • Increased MRI signal
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15
Q

How are conventional fMRI experiments done?

4 marks

A
  • Alternate subject neural state between 2 conditions with sensory stimuli - tasks to perform
  • Get MR images repeatedly during process
  • Search for voxels that MRI signal time series matches the stimulus time series pattern
  • Signal changes due to neural activity are small
  • Lengthy computations for signal detection and temporal pattern matching –> data analysis usually done offline
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16
Q

If a coma persists for a high period of time, what is this known as?

A

Permanent vegetative state

17
Q

What is locked in syndrome?
1 mark

A
  • Complete paralysis of al voluntary muscles except eye muscles
18
Q

What is a pseudo-coma?

1 mark

A
  • Patients are awake and conscioud but selectively differentiated - no means of producing speech, limb movement, facial movement
19
Q

What is a reliable way in diagnosing brain damage?
1 mark

A

Patients need to show some kind of motor signs, active command following

20
Q

Which cortex is hihgly active in subjects in a vegetative state?

2 marks

A

Precuneus and post cingulate cortex

21
Q

What can be seen in the brain in aloss of ucntionla connectivity and modularity in the vegetatie state?

4 marks

A
  • Effective connectivity impairment in fronto-parietal consciousness network measured at rest
  • Residual hippocampal face area activation
  • Residual low-level auditory activation disconnected from fronto-parietal netowk
  • Residual discconected language network activation
22
Q

Which state shows higher levels of consciousness:

  • Locked in state
  • Minimally conscious

1 mark

A

Locked in state

23
Q

What is the pertubational complexity index?

1 mark

A

Measure of consciousness which combines TMS with EEG and acts on thalamocortical system

24
Q

What form of neuroimaging technique is currently used to see if patients in PVS or MCS show signs of consciousness?

1 mark

BI3452: Systems Neuroscience (3 decks)

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