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History - The Normans > Conquest and Control > Flashcards

Conquest and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Edward the Confessor die? How soon after was Harold crowned king? - Conquest + Control

A

5th January 1066

Harold crowned King the day after on 6th January 1066

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2
Q

When was the Battle of Fulford Gate? Who won? - Conquest + Control

A

20th September 1066

Vikings won

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3
Q

When was the Battle of Stamford Bridge? Who won? - Conquest + Control

A

25th September 1066

Anglo-Saxons won

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4
Q

When was the Harrying of the North? - Conquest + Control

A

The Summer of 1069

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5
Q

When was the revolt of Norman Earls? - Conquest + Control

A

1075

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6
Q

Who was the King of England prior to Harold? - Conquest + Control

A

King Edward the Confessor

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7
Q

What were the King’s earls? Give an example of an earldom - Conquest + Control

A

Important and influential men who ran an area of the country eg. Wessex, Mercia

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8
Q

How was Normandy linked with England? - Conquest + Control

A

William has become great friends with Edward and visited him many times in England, whilst William was also Edward’s distant cousin

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9
Q

Explain how the English throne could be claimed through 1. ‘son of the king’, 2. ‘closest male relative’, and 3. ‘post obitum’ - Conquest + Control

A
  1. Being the son of the king
  2. Being the king’s closest male relative
  3. Being nominated by the king prior to their death
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10
Q

Explain how the English throne could be claimed through 1. ‘novissima verba’, 2. ‘the witan’ and 3. ‘use of force’ - Conquest + Control

A
  1. Being nominated by the king on their deathbed
  2. Having the support of the Witan, a group of earls who helped the king run the country
  3. Claimants fighting each other and the victor being king
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11
Q

Explain Edgar Aetheling’s claim to the English throne? Explain the negatives to this claim - Conquest + Control

A

Closest male relative to Edward, was Anglo-Saxon so had the support of earls, lived with Edward.
Edgar was only a teenager so would not be adept in military tactics or battle

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12
Q

Explain Harald Hadrada’s claim to the throne - Conquest + Control

A

Harald was the King of Norway and a relative of a previous Anglo-Saxon King. He said his father should’ve been king of England instead of Edward as the previous King had allegedly promised his father the throne

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13
Q

Explain Harold Godwinson’s claim to the throne - Conquest + Control

A

Harold was the Earl of Wessex (2nd most powerful man in a England), had been deputy king (sub regulus) since 1060, had the support of most Earls and the Witan, said he had been promised throne on Edward’s deathbed

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14
Q

Explain William of Normandy’s claim to the throne - Conquest + Control

A

Distant cousin of a Edward, claimed that Edward had promised him the throne in 1051, said Harold had supported this claim in 1064. Fierce warrior, brutal ruler

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15
Q

How many men did William prepare to sail to England when he found out about Harold’s coronation? - Conquest + Control

A

William gathered 80,000 men from Normandy, France and Italy

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16
Q

How did William have the ‘support of God’ in his conquest? - Conquest + Control

A

William persuaded the Pope that the English Church needed reforming, and the Pope gave William’s conquest the Papal Banner and branded it a holy war

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17
Q

How did the branding of William’s conquest as ‘holy war’ aid William? How did the idea of conquering land help William? - Conquest + Control

A

Many men wanted to be part of a holy war as it would help them to get to heaven, whilst others wanted land or riches that William had promised his troops

18
Q

When was the Battle of Hastings? - Conquest + Control

A

14th October 1066

19
Q

Why could the size of military have been the reason for loss at the Battle of Fulford Gate? Give an example of this - Conquest + Control

A

Edwin and Morcar may have been outnumbered. It is believed that they had 6000 troops battling 9000

20
Q

How could strategy have been a cause of defeat at the Battle of Fulford Gate? Give an example of this - Conquest + Control

A

Hadrada and his housecarls were battle hardened veterans who used clever strategy. Weaker troops were positioned on one side, and when they engaged with the Anglo-Saxons, the strongest troops did a rushed attack from the side

21
Q

How could positioning of the Anglo-Saxons have been a reason for defeat at Fulford Gate? - Conquest + Control

A

Edwin and Morcar positioned their troops with marshland behind them, meaning that they could not retreat if they were pushed back

22
Q

How was Harold’s final approach to Stamford Bridge crucial to victory? - Conquest + Control

A

Harold approached Stamford Bridge behind a small hill, meaning he could attack completely undetected

23
Q

How could luck have been a cause of victory at Stamford Bridge? - Conquest + Control

A

The Vikings had left their armour on their ships because it was a hot day
Harold’s approach was a surprise to Hadrada
Hadrada’s army had fought a battle 5 days earlier and would be exhausted

24
Q

Name 3 reasons why Normans built castles in England - Conquest + Control

A

Protection from hostile locals, used as a military base to launch attacks from, a show of Norman control and force to locals, a centre for local government, physical size meant to be intimidatory, protect Norman nobles

25
Q

Where were Castles built? Name 2 areas and explain - Conquest + Control

A

Castles were built on sites or strategic importance to the Normans.
Built in the North and the Welsh Marchlands as these were areas of discontent at Norman rule. Rebellions!

26
Q

Explain how 1. Mottes, 2. Outer Baileys, 3. Palisade and 4. Gateways and Gatehouses helped the Normans to control the Anglo-Saxons - Conquest + Control

A
  1. The motte is built on high ground to show Norman power, built using slave labour, Earth is fireproof so couldn’t be burned
  2. Contained barracks and troops used as a disciplinary force
  3. Provided added protection and fortification to Normans
  4. Controls movement of people out and in of castles, prevents attacks from entering the castle
27
Q

Explain how 1. Inner bailey, 2. Keep and 3. Moat helped the Normans to control the Anglo-Saxons - Conquest + Control

A
  1. Inner bailey contained Norman locals and symbolised invasion
  2. The keep housed Norman earls, could be used as an elevated attacking position to ward off Anglo-Saxon attacks
  3. Prevents any attacks or battering rams to the wall as a ditch or artificial lake would have to be crossed
28
Q

When was William crowned King of England? - Conquest + Control

A

Christmas Day 1066

29
Q

How did William deal with a potential uprising from Edwin and Morcar? - Conquest + Control

A

Made them swear an oath of fealty to him in return for them being allowed to keep their land and titles

30
Q

How did William use terror to establish control 1. on his march to London and 2. in the Harrying of the North? - Conquest + Control

A
  1. William followed along the South Coast, burning towns such as Romney and pillaging land
  2. William burned and pillaged majority of land around York, with 80% of the land being made waste. He also salted the land to make it infertile
31
Q

How did William use military presence to assert his control 1. on his march to London and 2. after to being crowned? - Conquest + Control

A
  1. William fortified towns such as Dover and Winchester to assert military control
  2. William built around 50 castles around England to assert control
32
Q

How did William make concessions when 1. dealing with English lords, 2. dealing with the seizing of York and 3. the uprising of Hereward the Wake - Conquest + Control

A
  1. William promised to allow English lords to keep their land if they remained loyal to him (Edgar, Edwin, Morcar)
  2. William persuaded them supporting Vikings to leave York by offering them money
  3. Allowed Hereward to keep his land in return for peace
33
Q

How did William use Patronage (giving land to people of power to ensure control) in order to establish control? - Conquest + Control

A

William had deputies, William Fitz Osbern and Odo. Fitz Osbern was out in charge of York after the Harrying of the North.
He paid Norman people to prevent them from returning to Normandy
William disinherited Anglo-Saxon’s land and gave it to Normans to maintain control over land

34
Q

How did William deal with the Norman Earls revolt? When was this? - Conquest + Control

A

The Norman Earls revolt was in 1075. A number of Earls rebelled against William with the support of Waltheof. Odo and Fitz Osbern were ordered to deal with the revolt, who beheaded Waltheof and imprisoned, blinded or murdered others

35
Q

Why did Hereward the Wake hate William? How did he rebel in East Anglia? Name an example of Hereward’s attacks- Conquest + Control

A

Hereward hated William because he had killed his brother and taken his land from him. Hereward launched guerrilla attacks in East Anglia, an example being his looting and burning of Peterborough Abbey in 1070

36
Q

Why did William’s usual tactics not defuse Hereward’s rebellion? Where were the rebels based? - Conquest + Control

A

William’s usual tactics of dealing with rebellion did not work on marshy terrain, and the rebels knew the land better than William. The rebels were based on the Isle of Ely near Cambridge, where they built up supplies.

37
Q

How did William stop Hereward’s uprising? - Conquest + Control

A

William was told of a secret entrance to the Isle by monks, with the rebels surrendering and Hereward disappearing

38
Q

In what year did William the Conqueror die? - Conquest + Control

A

1087

39
Q

Which Forest was created by William the Conqueror? - Conquest + Control

A

The New Forest

40
Q

What did William carry from Normandy to assert control instantly upon arrival at Pevensey? - Conquest + Control

A

William carried flat pack castles which could quickly be built to establish Norman power

History - The Normans (2 decks)

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