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Cellular Pathology I > Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

____________ _________ forms a framework to support body tissues and organs.

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

List the three components of connective tissue.

A

Fibres, cells, and amorphous ground substance

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3
Q

Connective tissue ________ various tissues together.

A

Binds

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4
Q

Connective tissue assists with the formation of intracellular substances, to aid with _________ and movement within the body.

A

Friction

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5
Q

________ tissue protects against wound and infection.

A

Areolar

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6
Q

________ tissue stores fat, and acts as insulation.

A

Adipose

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7
Q

__________ tissue forms shape and the framework of the body.

A

Supportive

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8
Q

Haemopoietic tissue produces _______.

A

Blood

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9
Q

Lymphatic tissue is requisite for ________.

A

Immunity

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10
Q

‘Loose CT proper’ is synonymous with _______ tissue.

A

Areolar

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11
Q

Areolar tissue connects _________ surfaces to the underlying structures, filling spaces between organs.

A

Epithelial

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12
Q

In a stained section, areolar tissue appears as an ______-_______ network of numerous bundles of collagenic fibres, running in all directions.

A

Open-weave

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13
Q

__________ tissue derives from areolar tissue, evolved as fat cells replace almost all other cells and fibres.

A

Adipose

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14
Q

True or false: elastic fibres are mostly absent in adipose tissue.

A

True

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15
Q

Dense connective tissue contains dense masses of collagen fibres and _________, in an orderly arrangement.

A

Fibroblasts

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16
Q

___________ tissue is often seen as the capsules, enclosing organs and tubular structure, and is found in tendons and ligaments, known for strength.

A

Dense

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17
Q

True or false: myxoid tissue is regularly found in adults.

A

False

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18
Q

Myxoid tissue is found in embryonic specimens and the ___________ ______.

A

Umbilical cord

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19
Q

__________ fibres are thin, small, and exhibit branching.

A

Elastic

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20
Q

Elastic fibres can stretch to up to ____ times their length, before returning to normal upon relaxation.

A

1.5

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21
Q

Elastic fibres are comprised of bundles of ________, produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.

A

Elastin

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22
Q

List two pathologies with which elastic fibres are associated.

A

Elastolysis and Marfan syndrome

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23
Q

What are the three types of elastic fibre?

A

Oxytalin, elauni, and elastic

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24
Q

Verhoeff’s haematoxylin and __________ stain are commonly used.

A

Miller’s

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25
Q

Loss of elastic fibres, or ____-_______ _________, may be associated with systemic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and pregnancy.

A

Mid-dermal elastolysis

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26
Q

_______________ is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints and nerves.

A

Cartilage

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27
Q

True or false: cartilage is not as hard and rigid as bone, but much stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

A

True

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28
Q

Cartilage is made up of _______________.

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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29
Q

What are the two main cells of cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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30
Q

List two areas of the body in which cartilage is found.

A

Ears and nose

31
Q

_____________ are clusters of chondrocytes.

A

Lacunae

32
Q

What are the three main forms of cartilage?

A

Hyalin, elastic, and fibrocartilage

33
Q

True or false: bone is highly vascular, and metabolically active.

A

True

34
Q

Bone is _______, inflexible connective tissue.

A

Rigid

35
Q

________ produces red and white blood cells.

A

Bone

36
Q

Bone is rich in calcium and ___________.

A

Phosphate

37
Q

______________ and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralisation of bone.

A

Osteoblasts

38
Q

Osteoclasts are involved in the _________ of bone tissue (breakdown of bone, and release of calcium into the blood).

A

Resorption

39
Q

The mineralised matrix of bone tissue has an organic component of mainly collagen called _________, and an inorganic component, made up of salts.

A

Ossein

40
Q

Compact bone tissue forms the outer layer of all bones, while spongy, or ___________, bone forms the inner layer.

A

Cancellous

41
Q

__________ bone contains no osteons (which constitute bone tissue). Instead, it consists of trabeculae, which are lamellae, arranged as rods.

A

Spongy

42
Q

The majority of bone specimens are biopsies, the core of ___________ and compact bone.

A

Marrow

43
Q

Larger excisions of ________, as seen in tumours, may be submitted for analysis.

A

Lesions

44
Q

Bone decalcification is the __________ of calcium salts.

A

Dissolving

45
Q

Decalcification of bone is omitted if investigation into mineral _________ is requisite.

A

Metabolism

46
Q

Bone decalcification is performed using weak and strong acids, or calcium _________, by EDTA.

A

Chelation

47
Q

_____________ is a reduction in bone mass, causing brittle bones.

A

Osteoporosis

48
Q

Osteomalacia is a vitamin ___ deficiency, which leads to defect in mineralisation of calcium, causing soft bones.

A

D

49
Q

Pathologies of the bone marrow, primary tumours, and secondary tumours are examples of ___________.

A

Neoplasms

50
Q

_____________ _________ are identified with Type I collagen, but much smaller.

A

Reticular fibres

51
Q

Reticular fibres are demonstrated by their ability to adsorb _________.

A

Silver

52
Q

Reticular fibres are found in the liver, spleen, and _______________ organs.

A

Haematopoietic

53
Q

_____________ _________ exist as individual fibres, loose areolar tissues, or as large bundles of fibres stuck together.

A

Collagen fibres

54
Q

The basic structure of collagen is a protein of three subunits, abundant in glycine, ___________, and hydroxyproline.

A

Proline

55
Q

What are the four main types of collagen?

A

Types I, II, III, and IV

56
Q

Type __ collagen forms bulk of body’s collagen especially in lung; other types are found in the liver, spleen, kidney. Characterised by thick fibres (75 nm) existing in bundles, the fibres are stronger than steel. Mutations give rise to brittle bone disease.

A

I

57
Q

Type ___ collagen is found in hyaline and elastic cartilage and is formed by chondroblasts. Fibres are thinner that Type I, and arranged in a meshwork with lots of proteoglycan (CHO). This variety of collagen is not visible by light microscopy.

A

II

58
Q

Type ___ is found in tissues that also contain Type I collagen (lung, liver, spleen and kidney). Reticular fibres contain this collagen. Provides a limited amount of support, but is important in allowing motility, and for exchange of metabolites. Foetal tissues contain large amount of this collagen.

A

III

59
Q

Type ___ is found in basement membrane (such as those found in the kidney), and is not visible by light microscope. Fibrils show a random rearrangement forming a feltwork-like structure in basement membranes.

A

IV

60
Q

Type ___ is produced in small quantities by a wide range of cells, such as CT cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.
It remains at cell surface, and is involved in the attachment of cells to adjacent structures.

A

V

61
Q

Tough bundles of collagen, called collagen fibres, are a major component of the __________ matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside, but collagen is also found inside certain cells.

A

Extracellular

62
Q

Along with _______ __________, collagen is responsible for skin strength and elasticity, and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging.

A

Soft keratin

63
Q

True or false: collagen may be stained with trichromes, silver stains (for reticulin and basement membrane), and immunostains (using anti-collagen antibodies).

A

True

64
Q

True or false: collagen fibres react weakly with acid dye, due to affinity of the cationic groups in collagen for binding to anionic reactive groups in acid dyes.

A

False

65
Q

List three scenarios in which collagen visualisation is required.

A

Hepatic pathologies, cardiac infections, and tumour detection

66
Q

_______________ produce collagen fibres and the amorphous ground substance.

A

Fibroblasts

67
Q

The mature form of the _________ is called the fibrocyte.

A

Fibroblast

68
Q

Adipocytes are rich in _________, and used for fat-storing.

A

Lipids

69
Q

List three types of connective tissue cells.

A

Nervous, endothelial, and mast cells

70
Q

What term is given to the non-cellular component of extracellular matrix, containing fibres?

A

Ground substance

71
Q

Name an anchoring protein found in ground substance.

A

Laminin

72
Q

The gel matrix of ground substance is semi-solid, viscous, and rich in_______________, mucins, and water; it is stained by Alcian blue.

A

Glycoproteins

73
Q

____________ ___________ facilitates the diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, fluids, and metabolites.

A

Ground substance

74
Q

What type of collagen deficit leads to osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Type I

Cellular Pathology I (9 decks)

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