Connective Tissues Flashcards
____________ _________ forms a framework to support body tissues and organs.
Connective tissue
List the three components of connective tissue.
Fibres, cells, and amorphous ground substance
Connective tissue ________ various tissues together.
Binds
Connective tissue assists with the formation of intracellular substances, to aid with _________ and movement within the body.
Friction
________ tissue protects against wound and infection.
Areolar
________ tissue stores fat, and acts as insulation.
Adipose
__________ tissue forms shape and the framework of the body.
Supportive
Haemopoietic tissue produces _______.
Blood
Lymphatic tissue is requisite for ________.
Immunity
‘Loose CT proper’ is synonymous with _______ tissue.
Areolar
Areolar tissue connects _________ surfaces to the underlying structures, filling spaces between organs.
Epithelial
In a stained section, areolar tissue appears as an ______-_______ network of numerous bundles of collagenic fibres, running in all directions.
Open-weave
__________ tissue derives from areolar tissue, evolved as fat cells replace almost all other cells and fibres.
Adipose
True or false: elastic fibres are mostly absent in adipose tissue.
True
Dense connective tissue contains dense masses of collagen fibres and _________, in an orderly arrangement.
Fibroblasts
___________ tissue is often seen as the capsules, enclosing organs and tubular structure, and is found in tendons and ligaments, known for strength.
Dense
True or false: myxoid tissue is regularly found in adults.
False
Myxoid tissue is found in embryonic specimens and the ___________ ______.
Umbilical cord
__________ fibres are thin, small, and exhibit branching.
Elastic
Elastic fibres can stretch to up to ____ times their length, before returning to normal upon relaxation.
1.5
Elastic fibres are comprised of bundles of ________, produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.
Elastin
List two pathologies with which elastic fibres are associated.
Elastolysis and Marfan syndrome
What are the three types of elastic fibre?
Oxytalin, elauni, and elastic
Verhoeff’s haematoxylin and __________ stain are commonly used.
Miller’s
Loss of elastic fibres, or ____-_______ _________, may be associated with systemic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and pregnancy.
Mid-dermal elastolysis
_______________ is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints and nerves.
Cartilage
True or false: cartilage is not as hard and rigid as bone, but much stiffer and less flexible than muscle.
True
Cartilage is made up of _______________.
Glycosaminoglycans
What are the two main cells of cartilage?
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
List two areas of the body in which cartilage is found.
Ears and nose
_____________ are clusters of chondrocytes.
Lacunae
What are the three main forms of cartilage?
Hyalin, elastic, and fibrocartilage
True or false: bone is highly vascular, and metabolically active.
True
Bone is _______, inflexible connective tissue.
Rigid
________ produces red and white blood cells.
Bone
Bone is rich in calcium and ___________.
Phosphate
______________ and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralisation of bone.
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts are involved in the _________ of bone tissue (breakdown of bone, and release of calcium into the blood).
Resorption
The mineralised matrix of bone tissue has an organic component of mainly collagen called _________, and an inorganic component, made up of salts.
Ossein
Compact bone tissue forms the outer layer of all bones, while spongy, or ___________, bone forms the inner layer.
Cancellous
__________ bone contains no osteons (which constitute bone tissue). Instead, it consists of trabeculae, which are lamellae, arranged as rods.
Spongy
The majority of bone specimens are biopsies, the core of ___________ and compact bone.
Marrow
Larger excisions of ________, as seen in tumours, may be submitted for analysis.
Lesions
Bone decalcification is the __________ of calcium salts.
Dissolving
Decalcification of bone is omitted if investigation into mineral _________ is requisite.
Metabolism
Bone decalcification is performed using weak and strong acids, or calcium _________, by EDTA.
Chelation
_____________ is a reduction in bone mass, causing brittle bones.
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia is a vitamin ___ deficiency, which leads to defect in mineralisation of calcium, causing soft bones.
D
Pathologies of the bone marrow, primary tumours, and secondary tumours are examples of ___________.
Neoplasms
_____________ _________ are identified with Type I collagen, but much smaller.
Reticular fibres
Reticular fibres are demonstrated by their ability to adsorb _________.
Silver
Reticular fibres are found in the liver, spleen, and _______________ organs.
Haematopoietic
_____________ _________ exist as individual fibres, loose areolar tissues, or as large bundles of fibres stuck together.
Collagen fibres
The basic structure of collagen is a protein of three subunits, abundant in glycine, ___________, and hydroxyproline.
Proline
What are the four main types of collagen?
Types I, II, III, and IV
Type __ collagen forms bulk of body’s collagen especially in lung; other types are found in the liver, spleen, kidney. Characterised by thick fibres (75 nm) existing in bundles, the fibres are stronger than steel. Mutations give rise to brittle bone disease.
I
Type ___ collagen is found in hyaline and elastic cartilage and is formed by chondroblasts. Fibres are thinner that Type I, and arranged in a meshwork with lots of proteoglycan (CHO). This variety of collagen is not visible by light microscopy.
II
Type ___ is found in tissues that also contain Type I collagen (lung, liver, spleen and kidney). Reticular fibres contain this collagen. Provides a limited amount of support, but is important in allowing motility, and for exchange of metabolites. Foetal tissues contain large amount of this collagen.
III
Type ___ is found in basement membrane (such as those found in the kidney), and is not visible by light microscope. Fibrils show a random rearrangement forming a feltwork-like structure in basement membranes.
IV
Type ___ is produced in small quantities by a wide range of cells, such as CT cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.
It remains at cell surface, and is involved in the attachment of cells to adjacent structures.
V
Tough bundles of collagen, called collagen fibres, are a major component of the __________ matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside, but collagen is also found inside certain cells.
Extracellular
Along with _______ __________, collagen is responsible for skin strength and elasticity, and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging.
Soft keratin
True or false: collagen may be stained with trichromes, silver stains (for reticulin and basement membrane), and immunostains (using anti-collagen antibodies).
True
True or false: collagen fibres react weakly with acid dye, due to affinity of the cationic groups in collagen for binding to anionic reactive groups in acid dyes.
False
List three scenarios in which collagen visualisation is required.
Hepatic pathologies, cardiac infections, and tumour detection
_______________ produce collagen fibres and the amorphous ground substance.
Fibroblasts
The mature form of the _________ is called the fibrocyte.
Fibroblast
Adipocytes are rich in _________, and used for fat-storing.
Lipids
List three types of connective tissue cells.
Nervous, endothelial, and mast cells
What term is given to the non-cellular component of extracellular matrix, containing fibres?
Ground substance
Name an anchoring protein found in ground substance.
Laminin
The gel matrix of ground substance is semi-solid, viscous, and rich in_______________, mucins, and water; it is stained by Alcian blue.
Glycoproteins
____________ ___________ facilitates the diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, fluids, and metabolites.
Ground substance
What type of collagen deficit leads to osteogenesis imperfecta?
Type I
