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cell biology > Connective Tissue- Week 8 > Flashcards

Connective Tissue- Week 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain roles of connective tissue.

A

it encompasses all organs & body cavities which can connect one part with another but also can act as a separator

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2
Q

Name ECM components

A

-Collagen
-Elastic Fibres
- Ground substance
- Adhesion proteins
-Basal laminae (basement membrane)

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3
Q

Describe structures and functions of collagen fibres in ECM

A

Structure: long stiff triple stranded helixes made up of 3 a-chains
Functions: intermolecular crosslinks- fibre formation- form meshes which can be regular(give strength in specific direction where collagen ends on lining) or disorganised (gives less strength but will have strength in more directions)

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4
Q

what does ECM stand for

A

Extra-Cellular Matrix

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5
Q

Describe structures and functions of Elastic fibres in ECM

A
  • Structure: formed from elastin(monomer), get cross-linking between monomers= stretchy fibre
  • Function: enables organs to stretch & return to original shape
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6
Q

Describe structures and functions of Ground Substance in ECM

A

-Structure: comprised of: Glycosaminoglycan chains(repeating chains of disaccharides/sugars gives rigidity and fills space), proteoglycans (protein core which is glycosylated- lost of carbohydrates are attached to it)
Function: mechanically supportive gel, which allows diffusion of nutrients

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7
Q

Describe structures and functions of Adhesion proteins in ECM

A

-Structure: has fibronectin-plays a big part in adhesion, growth.
-Function: link components of ECM together- link cells to ECM

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8
Q

Describe structures and functions of Basement membrane in ECM

A
  • Structure: flexible, tough, thin sheet of matrix molecules- primary structure made up by lamin and collagen IV
    -Function: selective barrier to cells-semipermeable filter, support and scaffold for regeneration
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9
Q

Name key cells in connective tissue

A
  • Adipocytes: store fat (White – few large fat droplets
    ▪ Brown – many smaller fat droplets, multiple mitochondria)
  • Immune cells: Macrophages
    ▪ White blood cells
    ▪ Patrol & remove micro-organisms
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10
Q

Compare loose and dense connective tissue – structure & function.

A

FUNCTION: loose tissue- Attachment(skin to underlying tissue)
▪ Fills void around organs (Cushioning & protection)
▪ Supports & surrounds blood vessels
▪ Diffusion – nutrients, O2
Dense tissue- Attach bone to bone & muscle to bone
▪ Stabilise the joint

STRUCTURE: loose tissue:
▪ Fibres run in all directions – loose network (collagen predominant fibre and elastic fibres-less predominant)
▪ Ground substance-to fill gaps
▪ Fibroblasts – lay down fibres
Dense tissue-
*Abundant fibres & fewer cells(i.e. blood vessels) vs loose
▪ Fibres in dense network (parallel or irregular)- only strong in in which the fibres are running
▪ Little ground substance- as there’s no space
* contain fibroblast

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11
Q

Describe and detail the roles of the various types specialised connective tissue

A

-cartilage: the ability to resist compressive forces, enhance bone resilience, and provide support on bony areas where there is a need for flexibility

-BONE: Growth & remodelling
▪ Osteoid – predominantly type I cartilage
▪ Bone – mineralised calcified, Ca3
(PO4)2, type I cartilage

-ADIPOSE:
▪ Protection
▪ Insulation
▪ Nutrient storage

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12
Q

what are the 2 proteins that cartilage is made out of

A

▪ Collagen (mainly type II) – mechanical stability
▪ GAGs – compressive forces

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13
Q

Explain the role of chondrocytes, osteoblasts & osteoclasts in bone development

A

-chondrocytes produces the cartilage matrix and as they become surrounded by this matrix they differentiate into Chondrocytes.
-osteoblasts are found on the surface of growing bone- they secrete matrix components, & over time once they become enclosed in bone they will differentiate into Osteoclasts.
-Osteoclasts- maintain bone, will preform local absorption and secretion

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage & what are its functions and where are they found in the body

A
  • Fibrocartilage – resists compression & tension

-Hyaline cartilage – flexible & resilient

-Elastic cartilage – highly bendable

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15
Q

what type of collagen makes up fibrocartilage and where’s it found

A

Type I & II collagen
(found in Vertebral disks, tendon attachments to bones & junctions between flat bones and pelvis)

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16
Q

what type of collagen makes up Hyaline cartilage

A

Type II collagen
(found in Temporary skeleton (foetus) Growing points – long bones, Support tissue – respiratory passages, Articular cartilage – synovial joints)

17
Q

what makes up elastic cartilage (2 things)

A

Elastic fibres & type II collagen
(found in Ear & epiglottis)

18
Q

Name the two process by which cartilage grows and explain the differences

A

Interstitial growth is bone growth which is most important in development- begins in embryonic development and continues in adolescences- can’t happen in adults
Appositional growth is bone remodelling than bone growth- new layers of cartilage are added to the surface of the bone- can happen in adults in specific circumstances- e.g. if there has been damage done to the cartilage

  • both take place during development & interstitial growth contributes the most to the mass of the bone
19
Q

what cells are mainly used in growth and remodelling of bone

A

Osteoblasts

20
Q

what cells are mainly used in remodelling of bone

A

Osteoclasts – large multinucleated cells

21
Q

what acid dissolves bone

A

hydrochloric acid

22
Q

how do bones have blood vessels inside them

A

in babies we start of with cartilage- that gets calcified/mineralised

23
Q

What protein are the stretchy fibres of the connective tissue made from?

A

elastin

24
Q

Which of the following roles are played by the connective tissue?
1. Support
2. Conduct electrical impulses
3. Protection
4. Absorption
5. Storage of energy supplies

A

1,3 & 5

25
Q

Which of these description best fits the collagen fibres?

  1. A double helix of globular collagen protein
  2. A triple helix of fibrous collagen protein
  3. A triple helix of globular collagen protein
  4. A double helix of fibrous collagen protein
A

2

26
Q

Which amino acid is found at every third position in collagen?

A

Glycine

*Which amino acid is found at every third position in collagen?

27
Q

The most common form of collagen found in the basement membrane is:

Type IV

Type VI

Type II

Type I

Type VIII

A

Type IV

28
Q

What are the major materials packed around the collagen fibres in the extracellular matrix?

Fats

Lipopolysaccharides

Glycosaminoglycans

Sterols

Phospholipids

A

Glycosaminoglycans

29
Q

What function do the various components of the ECM play?
1) Return to original shape after distorting
2) Support
3) Strength
4) Link cells to ECM
5) Water retention
6) Link components of ECM together

A

1) Elastic fibres
2) Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
3) Collagen fibres
4) Adhesion proteins
5) Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
6) Adhesion proteins

30
Q

Where would you find loose and dense connective tissue? Name one location for each

A

loose connective tissue: Tongue, Under skin, Surrounding organs, Surrounding blood vessels
Dense connective tissue: Tongue, Cartilage, Bone, Tendons, Ligaments

31
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in the following locations?
1) vertebral discs
2) Tendon attachment to bone
3) Growing point of long bones
4)Skeleton in developing foetus
5) Epiglottis
6) Ear

A

1) Fibrocartilage
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Hyaline cartilage
4) Hyaline cartilage
5) Elastic cartilage
6) Elastic cartilage

32
Q

Which of the following are involved in bone reabsorption? (select all that apply)
1. Secretion of acid
2. Secretion of lysosomal enzymes
3.Digestion in the lysosomes
4. Transcytosis
5. Apoptosis

A

1, 2 and 4

33
Q

what cell secretes hydrochloric acid & explain why this is done

A

Osteoclasts secrete acid into the region of bone to be reabsorbed, both to make the conditions required for lysosomal (acid) hydrolases to work and also to solubilise calcium phosphate from the bone ECM. Digestion products are then carried across the cell by transcytosis to be release on the other surface.

34
Q

by which process is digestion of products from denigrating bone done by

A

Transcytosis (active process)

35
Q

The blood cells are derived from

A

Mesenchyme

cell biology (12 decks)

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