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Unit 5 > Connective tissue (Cartilage + Ligaments + Tendons) > Flashcards

Connective tissue (Cartilage + Ligaments + Tendons) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?
What is it composed of?

A

1 of 4 basic tissue types
* It supports other tissues
* It binds tissues together
It’s comprised of cells in an extracellular matrix (ECM)
> The ECM can be fluid, solid or mineral - it’s key to connective tissue function

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2
Q

What are the types of connective tissue? Give examples:

A
  1. Loose (proper)
    • Adipose
    • Areolar
  2. Dense (proper)
    • Tendon
    • Ligament
  3. Specialised supportive
    • Cartilage
    • Bone
  4. Specialised fluid
    • Blood
    • Lymph
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3
Q

What are the 4 major and 6 minor components of ECM?
What the ECM properties depend on?

A

Major :
- Collagens
- Large proteoglycans
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- Fluid

Minor:
- Elastin
- Fibronectin
- Laminin
- Tenascin
- Minor collagens
- Small proteoglycans

> Amounts and arrangement of components

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4
Q

What do ECM components do?

A
  • Resist tensile, compressive and shear forces
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5
Q

What is the general overview of connective tissue development for :
Bone
Cartilage
Tendon/ligament

A

Stem cell → [process name] Progenitor → transitory cells → mature cell → terminal differentiation

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6
Q

(ECM COMPONENT)
What is collagen?
What are the 3 types it can be?

A

-Main structural protein in ECM + forms supramolecular assemblies outside of the cells in ECM

  • Rigid > bone
  • Flexible > tendon
  • In between > cartilage
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7
Q

How many members are in the collagen superfamily?
How do we name collagen protein?

A
  • 28
  • Type, (roman numeral) collagen
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8
Q

(ECM COMPONENT)
What is the basic collagen structure?

A
  • Trimeric molecules composed of 3 polypeptide α-chains wound into a triple helix

> α-chains contain the repeated sequences (G-X-Y)n

  • G glycine
  • X is mostly proline
  • Y is mostly hydroxyproline

> > Side chain of G, a H atom, is the only one that can fit into the crowded center of a three-stranded helix.

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9
Q

(ECM COMPONENT)
How is collagen synthesised?

A
  1. Originally synthesised as longer precursors called procollagen
  2. Procollagen is modified in ER :
    hydroxylation, glycosylation and disulphide-bond formation.
  3. Peptidases remove loose N and C terminals resulting in tropocollagen (collagen) = less soluble
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10
Q

(ECM COMPONENT)
How is collagen assembled?

A
  • Tropocollagen self assembles to form individual collagen fibrils (10-300nm in diameter)
    > At nano level, collagen fibrils have dark, light banding patterns
  • Collagen fibrils are packed side by side in parallel bundles to form collagen fibres (2–10 µm in diameter)
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11
Q

(ECM COMPONENT)
How would you define proteoglycan?
How are proteoglycans categorised?

A
  1. A core protein which has 1 or more glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) chains. (40-50 types)
  2. Size and nature of GAGs
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12
Q

What is the function of GAGs?
How do they do this?
What do GAGs form in solution?

A
  1. Provide hydration and swelling pressure to connective tissue, enabling it to withstand compressional forces
  2. GAGs are highly negatively charged which prevents them from folding into aggregate → maintain tissue architecture
    » Negative charge also means that they are hydrophilic so attract high volumes of water and Na+
  3. Gels due to their ability to attract water and resist compression forces.
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13
Q

What are the 4 proteoglycan families?
Which proteoglycan is found in cartillage?

A
  1. Intracellular
  2. Cell surface
  3. Pericellular
  4. Extracellular

> Aggrecan (extracellular)

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14
Q

What are the 5 classes of GAGs?
Which GAG isn’t associated with a core protein?

A
  • Hyaluronan
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15
Q

What are the 4 types of cartilage, Where are they found? Why do they vary?

Does cartilage have blood vessels, nerves or lymphatics?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage: Embryological skeleton, Nose, Trachea, Costal (rib) cartilage
  2. Hyaline articular cartilage - a specialised form : Synovial joins
  3. Elastic cartilage : Ear + Epiglottis
  4. Fibrocartilage: Intervertebral disc + Menisci (knee joint)
    >They have the same components but Different arrangements + Different amounts

> No blood vessels, nerves or lymphatics

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16
Q

What are the 5 components of cartilage?

A
17
Q
  1. What cells make up cartilage? How do they vary?
  2. Where can they be found?
  3. What is their function?
A
  1. Chondrocytes >
    - Different shapes
    - Different sizes
    - Different metabolic activities

2.
- Isogenous: in clusters
- Sat within lacuna: lake

  1. Synthesise and degrade ECM
18
Q
  1. What is a perichondrium?
  2. Describe the structure and function of perichondrium.
A
  1. A dense sheath covering cartilage

2.
- Outer fibrous - vascular
- Inner chondrogenic - cellular
> Repair cartilage if damaged

19
Q

How efficient is cartilage repair and regeneration?

A
  • Chondrocytes slowly remodel surroundings, difficult to repair damaged cartilage as they lack mobility and numbers + no blood supply, nerves and lymphatics
20
Q

What is the structure and function of Elastic cartilage?

A

Function
– Most flexible
– Provides elasticity
– Maintains shape

21
Q

What is the structure and function of Fibrocartillage?

A

Function
– Shock-absorber
– Resists compression
– Provides durability

Structure
- NO perichondrium

22
Q

What is the structure and function of Hyaline cartilage?

A

Function
– Flexible
– Shock-absorbing

23
Q

What is the structure and function of Hyaline articular cartilage?

A

Function
– Smooth articulating
surface
– Distributes loads to
underlying bone

Structure
-NO Perichondrium

24
Q

Describe the structure of Hyaline articular cartilage further.
1. How does the type of collagen vary?

A

Image

25
Q

Describe the structure of Hyaline articular cartilage further.
1. Proteoglycan
2. Chondrocytes

A
  1. Lots of proteoglycan in deep zone as it is highly hydrated, and protects deep zone from compression by withstanding high mechanical pressure
    • Decreases as you go up
  2. Chondrocyte no. increases as you get more deep
    - Superficial zone: Not many chondrocytes but are located parallel to surface
    - Middle zone: More cells, more closely arranged
    - Deep zone: Hypertrophic chondrocytes enlarge in size and arrange in columns
26
Q

Tendons and ligaments are closely related tissues but are distinct.

  1. What is the difference in what they bind to and their direction of force?
  2. What is their behaviour governed by?
A

1.
Tendon : Binds muscle to bone - e.g. Bicep brachii tendon - binds bicep to radius
> direction does force of a tendon act in Uniaxial direction (one axis)

Ligament : Binds bone to bone - e.g. joint capsule on finger knuckles
> direction does force of a ligament act in Multi-direction

  1. By the structural arrangement of their ECM
27
Q
  1. How much collagen and proteoglycans is there in ECM of Ligaments and tendons?
  2. What cells make up tendons and ligaments?
A
  1. High content of collagen (type I & III) (~90%) with low proteoglycan (<5%)
  2. Collagen fibres are surrounded by cells (20% - tenocytes or ligament fibrocytes)
28
Q

What is collagen I diameter regulated by in Ligaments and tendons?

A
  • Decorin (proteoglycan) + Collagen III
29
Q

What is the collagen arrangement like in Tendons and Ligaments?

A
  • Collagen fibril predominantly run parallel. More uniform arrangement in tendon than ligament.
    -This means that ligaments can withstand forces that are in multiple directions
30
Q

What do ligaments also contain?

A
  • Ligament also contains elastin to provide more elasticity
31
Q

Do all tendons and ligaments have arterial blood supply?

A
  • Areas of tendon and ligament will have an arterial blood supply
  • Areas of tendon and ligament will have no blood supply
  • Blood supply at insertion point (in bone) or connection point (to muscle)
32
Q

What is the Tendon and ligament hierarchy?

A

Unit 5 (9 decks)

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