Connective Tissue BSM Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of tissue are there? Name the different types of tissues?

A

. 4 Types of Tissue
. Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Nervous Tissue and Muscle Tissue

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2
Q

Extracellular matrix facts

A

. Made up of proteins in the form of fibres
. Ground Substance
. Cells

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3
Q

What does connective tissue develop from?

A

. The mesenchyme -> comes from mesoderm layer of the embryo -> mesenchyme contains stem cells which can differentiate into different cells that make up connective tissue. So mesenchyme is a type of embryonic connective tissue.

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4
Q

Name the 3 layers in the embryo?

A

. Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
. These layers give rise to all the organs in the body

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5
Q

Connective Tissue Proper - divisions and subdivisions

A

. Divided as loose and dense connective tissue
. Loose CT = areolar tissue, adipose (fat) tissue and reticular tissue
. Dense CT = further subdivided into dense regular & dense irregular connective tissue

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6
Q

Specialised Connective Tissue

A

. Includes bone and carilage - these are supportive connective tissue
. Blood - the fluid connective tissue

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7
Q

3 fundamental components of connective tissue

A

. Cells, protein fibres and ground substance - (cells, gels and fibres)

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8
Q

Cells of Connective Tissue

A

. Specialised CT - like cartilage = chondrocytes, Bone = osteoblasts, osteocytes, adipocytes = adipose tissue
In general, CT = 2 groups of cells
1. Permanent Resident Cells
2. Transient Cells

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9
Q

Transient Cells

A

. Usually immune cells like macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, plasma cells, mast cells
- macrophages = phagocytic scavengers - different names depending on location; (dust cells in lungs, kupffer cells in liver & langerhan cells in skin - but these macrophages are fixed so they are actually permanent residents)
- wandering macrophages = ones that move around = tranisent cells

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10
Q

Brief overview of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Plasma cells and Mast Cells

A

Neutrophils = involved in ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Eosinophils = allergic reactions, parasitic infections
Plasma cells = differentiated B-lymphocytes , produce antibodies
Mast cells = granulated, involved in inflammation in hypersensitivty disorders, degranulate to release inflammatory mediators

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11
Q

Permanent Resident Cells

A

. Most common cells in CT = permanent resident cells
. Depending on certain circumstances some immune cells like mast cells and macrophages can be permanent residents
. Stem cells - give rise to all the other cell types
. Fibroblast = most common cells
. Fibrocyte = second most common cell
. Fibroblast and Fibrocyte are related

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12
Q

Fibroblast function

A

. Synthesising the proteins listed below:
. Protein fibres - collagen, reticulun and elastin
. Ground substance - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG), proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins

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13
Q

Name some protein fibres and ground sunstances in CT

A

. Protein fibres - collagen, reticulun and elastin
. Ground substance - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG), proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins
. The aforementioned are all proteins and are syntheised by fibroblasts

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14
Q

Compare & contrast the ultrastructure of fibroblasts and fibrocytes

A

. Fibroblasts structure relates to function
. Because fibroblasts synthesise alot of protein
. Ultrastructure =
. RER
. Mitochondrion
. Golgi Appartus
. Fibrocytes:
- More mature cell, spindle shaped,

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15
Q

Name 3 of the protein fibres found in CT

A

. Collagen
. Reticulun
. Elastin
. Distributed in different proportions depending upon what part of the body they are in

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16
Q

Elaborate on protein fibres

A

Collagen = most abundant of the 3 protein fibres - found in skin, bone, tendon, cartilage
. Important for tensile strength and support
Reticulun = Type of collagen, specifically type three collagen
organs like spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes have reticular tissue, forms a fine meshwork in organs, important for structural support
. Elastin = elastic = stretchy -> elasticity = stretch and return to original shape -> needed in the lungs, elastic arteries, elastic ligaments and also in the skin

17
Q

Ground substance of the CT

A

. Ground substance = made up of cabohydrates and proteins and they bind to water
. Includes glycosaminoglycans, (GAG) proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins

18
Q

Proteoglycans - structure

A

. Structure -
proteoglycan monomer = protein core & glycosaminoglycan side chains -> the GAG side chains are sulfated
. proteoglycan megacomplex = many proteoglycan monomers attaching to hyaluronic acid via link proteins

19
Q

Adhesive glycoproteins

A

. Are adhesive - so they connect stuff
. for example, fibronectin = connects cells to protein fibres, so adhesive glycoproteins act like an adhesive between the different components of connective tissue
Ground subustance = well hydrated
GAGs, proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins for the ground substance
fluid which is in the ground substance forms the interstitial fluid which is present outside the cells. So interstitial fluid is part of the ECF and Starling forces are the forces which guide the exchange across the capillary membrane.

20
Q

Characteristics of loose connective tissue

A

. Areolar Tissue is loose connective tissue
Characteristics:
- Lesser cells, more ground substance
- CT fibres are loosely arranged
- example lamina propria - situated beneath the epithelial lining of lots of organs + also the capsule around organs
Function - flexible, not very resistant to stress

21
Q

Characteristics of Dense CT

A

. More fibres, lesser ground substance
. Can be further split into regular or irregular
. Dense irregular CT - randomly oriented fibres - e.g. found in the deep dermis of the skin - can handle stress and forces that are acting in different directions due to the random orientation of fibres - collagen fibres = give them tensile strength
. Dense regular CT = more organised, parallel bundles of fibres like e.g. in the tendon, due to fibres being in a parallel arrangement they can handle stress going in a single direction
. Histology - between the fibres = see fiborblasts (because fibroblasts synthesise the fibres)

22
Q

CT Quick Review

A

. CT = tissue that supports other tissue
. It anchors, binds and connects cells, tissues & organs
. Depending on its location, its got cells and an ECM
. ECM = ground substance embedded with protein fibres
. So Connective tissue = cells, fibres & ground substance
. Fibres = made up of proteins & there are 3 main types:
. Collagen - most abundant + also most abundant protein in the body, important for tensile strength & support
. Reticulun - thin, mostly made of Type 3 collagen
. Elastin - stretchy, is elastic - so can stretch and return to its original shape
. These 3 fibres are distributed differently depending on the type of tissue, where it is located and whats its function is

23
Q

Collagen
- Main function & the key types

A

Main function = strength & support
Many types of collagen but most collagen belongs to type 1 to 4

24
Q

What is the most abundant type of collagen?

A

. Type 1

25
Q

Where is type 1 collagen found?

A

. Bone, tendon & dermis of the skin

26
Q

What type of collagen does cartilage have? & what other areas (if any) have this type of collagen

A

Type 2
. Vitreous humour of the eye
& the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs

27
Q

What type of collagen is in reticular fibres?

A

. Reticular fibres - fine & more delicate
. Found in organs which form part of the reticuloendothelial system - CT of the spleen, the liver, lymph nodes & bone marrow -> have reticular fibres & it forms reticular CT
. Stains black with particular stains - histology

28
Q

What does type 4 collagen do?

A

. Forms the floor of the epithelial cells -i.e. the basement membrane (basal lamina)
. Also found in the lens of the eye

29
Q

What types of collagen form fibrils?

A

Type 1, 2 and 3 -> thus called fibril forming collagen

30
Q

What does type 4 collagen form?

A

. Networks/Sheets

31
Q

Collagen

A

. Is a protein made up of 3 polypeptide chains; 3 alpha chains, triple helix structure
. Amino acis sequence - triple repeating sequence
. X - Y - Glycine
. X & Y = any amino acid but usually proline & hydroxyproline
. Fibroblasts = protein synthesis
. Fibroblasts = synthesise the proteins that then form the fibres & the ground substance

32
Q

Collagen Synthesis

A

. Initial step of synthesis = similar to any protein synthesis -i.e. transcription & translation
. Transcription occurs - DNA is transcribed & translated to produce a polypeptide chain with a leader sequence called a signal peptide -> this is PREPROCOLLAGEN
. The signal peptide guides the peptide chain into the cisternae of the RER, now enzymes remove the peptide sequence -> Voila, we have PROCOLLAGEN
RER = procollagen goes alot of post-translational modification

33
Q

What breaks down collagen?

A

Collagenases - these are matrix metalloproteinases which break down the collagen into protein components

34
Q

Elastin

A

Function - more for elasticity - stretch & return to its original shape
Location - lungs, elastic arteries, elastic ligaments & dermis of the skin -> reason why pinched skin returns to its original state is that there are elastin fibres in the dermis

35
Q

Outline the synthesis of elastin

A

Synthesised in fibroblasts
Precursor = Tropoelastin - which eventually forms elastin
elastin deposits on microfibrils which form a scaffold
. These microfibrils = made up of fibrillins & there are three types mostly type 1
Clinical Relevance
. Gene defect for Fibrillin Type 1 can result in Marfan’s Syndrome
. Elastin UNLIKE collagen does not have a triple helical structure + does not have a repeating sequence of amino acids

36
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down elastin and what does it break elastin into?

A

. Enzyme = elastases