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DPT Biomechanics > Connective Tissue and Articular Cartilage > Flashcards

Connective Tissue and Articular Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Type II collagen is found in

A

Hyaline cartilage. thinner than type I, lower tensile strength, provide framework, structure for other tissues

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2
Q

Where is elastin found?

A

hyaline cartilage, ligamentum flavum

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3
Q

GAGs are found in Ground Substance, have a ____charge and are Hydro_____

A

negative, philic

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4
Q

What does the water provide in ground substance

A

diffusion of nutrients, provides mechanical properties

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5
Q

Where are fibroblasts found?

A

ligaments, tendons, Supportive CTs

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6
Q

Where are Chondrocytes found?

A

hyaline articular cartilage, fibrocartilage

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7
Q

composition of dense connective tissue

A

HIGH type I collagen, LOW elastin and fibroblasts

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8
Q

ligaments, tendons, and capsules are examples of

A

dense connective tissue

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9
Q

These characteristics describe which type of tissue

A

poor healing (low vascularity), adapts to stress/strain with increased stiffness (increased collagen and GAG synthesis)

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10
Q

Where is irregular dense connective tissue found?

A

joint capsule

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11
Q

Which type of Dense connective tissue is resistant to tensile forces in MULTIPLE directions?

A

Irregular (joint capsule)

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12
Q

how is collagen arranged in irregular dense connective tissue?

A

irregular in ground substance

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13
Q

Which type of connective tissue is orderly and has a parallel arrangement of collagen?

A

Regular Dense Connective Tissue

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14
Q

Which has more elastin? Ligament or Tendons

A

Tendons - transmit large forces from muscle to bone

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15
Q

Regular dense connective tissue in ligaments and tendons resist tension along the _____ axis

A

longitudinal

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16
Q

How long is the Inflammatory Phase of healing?

A

1-10 days

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17
Q

How long is the Proliferation (consolidation) phase?

A

3-30 days

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18
Q

How long is maturation (remodeling) phase

A

3-360 days

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19
Q

Which phase of healing are neutrophils and macrophages active?

A

Inflammatory phase

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20
Q

What is the body’s natural response to injury

A

inflammatory phase

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21
Q

Connective Tissue is rebuilt with _____ tissue in the proliferation phase

A

granulation

22
Q

Fibroblasts are active in which phase of healing

A

proliferation

23
Q

In Maturation phase, collagen remodels from Type ___ to Type ___

A

III to I

24
Q

On a load-deformation curve, describe the plastic region

A

top of plateau to the ultimate failure point

25
Q

In Load-Deformation curve, what is the elastic region

A

the slope

26
Q

The yield point in the load deformation curve is where which two sections meet?

A

elastic and plastic

27
Q

In a stress strain curve, what is the area under the curve

A

energy

28
Q

the slope of elastic region in a stress strain curve is

A

stiffness

29
Q

Since biological materials are viscoelastic, there is a toe region. describe it

A

non linear region. before the elastic region

30
Q

When does viscoelastic creep occur

A

when exposed to a constant load

31
Q

What type of stretches are thought to bring on plastic changes to connective tissue

A

slow, low-intensity, and long-duration stretches

32
Q

What does the slope look like in the stress strain curve when we add a faster loading rate

A

steeper slope and increase stiffness

33
Q

Stress-relaxation is a stress response that occurs when exposed to a constant ______

A

deformation

34
Q

describe what is occurring when there is a high rapid high initial stress followd by a slow decreasing stress required to maintain the deformation

A

stress-relaxtion

35
Q

Name the type of collagen: thick, little elongation, stiff, strong, binds, supports bony articulation
found in: ligaments, fibrous Joint capsules, tendons

A

Type 1

36
Q

The organic matrix of articular cartilage makes up 15-30% of the volume. What provides the structural framework?

A

Collagen (Type II) within proteoglycan solution

37
Q

List one function of articular cartilage

A
  1. increase area of load distribution for joints
  2. attenuate joint contact stresses
  3. provide a smooth, wear resistant bearing surface
38
Q

What makes up the majority of the composition of articular cartilage?

A

water, salts, glycoproteins, lipids - 60-85% of volume
Organic matrix - 15-30%
chondrocytes - 10%

39
Q

Why is there a near frictionless behavior between joint surfaces?

A

synovial fluid

40
Q

Mechanical properties of Articular cartilage

A

high tensile stiffness and strength
cannot resist compression well
anisotropic - collagen fiber arrangement and densities vary
bi-phasic material - fluid and solid

41
Q

Where is water concentrated in the articular cartilage?

A

near articular surface

42
Q

What does water permit in articular cartilage

A

exchange of gases nutrients and waste products between chondrocytes and synovial fluid

43
Q

What supports more than 90% of the applied load on a joint?

A

pressurization

44
Q

The magnitude of stress required to maintain the equilibrium displacement decreases over time. what definition is this?

A

stress-relaxation.

45
Q

What is shear stiffness of articular cartilage from.

A

collagen only, not interstitial fluid flow in pure shear

46
Q

What is the splitting of the cartilage surface called?

A

Fibrillation

47
Q

What happens to water content and permeability in the degeneration of articular cartilage?

A

they both increase

48
Q

Changes in collagen and PG content and structure
Loosening of structure (increased permeability and fluid content)
increased fluid flow and decreased ability to resist loading are all indicators of what?

A

osteoarthritis

49
Q

What are the three proposed mechanisms for the wearing out of cartilage?

A

1 - tensile failure of collagen fiber network- accumulated tissue damage leads to lower strength
2 - ‘washout’ of PGs from extracellular matrix from repeated fluid exudation resulting in decreased stiffness and increased permeability
3 - rapid application of high loads - no time for stress- relaxation ( fluid redistribution) resulting in high stresses that may cause damage

50
Q

An anatomical example of a 2nd class lever and explain why it’s 2nd class.

A

The foot is an example of a 2nd class lever when in plantar flexion because the load (BW) is between internal force (calf muscles) and the fulcrum(ball of the foot)

DPT Biomechanics (6 decks)

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