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Basic Tissues > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Local Anesthesia and Connective Tissue

A

You actually do not numb the nerve directly, you inject into the connective tissue which has blood vessels in it. Blood vessels can then spread the anesthetics into the nerves

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2
Q

Tooth

A

Dentin and pulp tissues are specialized connective tissues in addition to cementum, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligaments

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3
Q

Embryonic Origin of Connective Tissue

A

o Originates from the MESODERM, middle
germ layer of the embryonic tissue.
o The mesenchyme, the multipotential cells
from mesoderm of the embryo, give rise to
the connective tissues and their cells

(different from epithelium which is derived from all embryological layers)

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4
Q

Composition of Connective Tissues

A

NOT JUST CELLS

1) Cells
> fixed and wandering

2) Fibers (extracellular)
> collagen, elastic

3) Ground Substance (extracellular) 
      > Glycosaminoglycans 
        (GAGs) 
      > Proteoglycans 
      > Adhesive proteins
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5
Q

Function

A

o CONNECTS, fills space, cushions, supports

o Protects
    - bone protects underlying organs
    - mast cells-inflammation
    -  plasma cells- antibodies
    -  phagocytes- engulf foreign substances
o Barrier under epithelium
o Contains nerves- sensation
o Contains blood vessels, lymphatic
     - nutrient, waste, gas exchange
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6
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue

A

A) Embryonic Connective TIssue

1. Mesenchymal CT 
2. Mucous CT 
B) Connective tissue proper 
     1. Loose (areolar) CT 
     2. Dense CT 
           i. dense irregular ct
           ii. dense regular ct
                 > colleagenous 
                 > elastic 
     3. Reticular tissue 
     4. Adipose tissue

C) Specialized CT

  1. Caritlage
  2. Bone 
 3. Blood
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7
Q

Mesenchymal Connective Tissue

A 
Found only in embryo
o Mesenchymal cells
o A gel-like, amorphous ground substance
o Scattered reticular fibers
o Frequent mitosis: pluripotential
o Eventually depleted and do not exist as such in the 
adult except in the pulp of teeth****
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8
Q

Mucous Connective Tissue

A

A loose, amorphous connective tissue:

o fibroblasts

o a jelly-like matrix: hyaluronic acid (more solid compared to the mesenchymal ct)

o Sparse type I and type III collagen fibers

o Wharton’s jelly: found only in the umbilical cord
and subdermal connective tissue of the embryo

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9
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Fills spaces beneath epithelium tissues
o Fixed connective tissue cells:
- fibroblasts
- adipose cells
- macrophages
- mast cells
- Many transient cells
- responsible for immune response
o Abundant ground substance and tissue
fluid (extracellular fluid)
-Loosely woven collagen, reticular, and elastic
fibers
- Small nerve fibers and blood vessels supply the
cells with oxygen and nutrients

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10
Q

Three Attributes of Loose CT

A
  1. Cells:
    • Mast cells (MC): largest cells in the field and
      possess a granular cytoplasm
      - Fibroblasts (F): posess oval nuclei, paler and larger
      - Macrophages (M): smaller, darker
  2. Fibers:
    -Collagen fibers (CF): thicker, wavy, ribbon-like,
    interlacing
    - Elastic fibers (EF): thin, straight, branching
  3. Ground substance (GS): invisible
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11
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

More fibers and fewer cells than loose connective tissue
o Resistant to stress: collagen bundles

o Dense IRREGULAR connective tissue: collagen fiber
bundles are arranged randomly

o Dense REGULAR connective tissue: collagen fiber
bundles are arranged in parallel or organized fashion.
- collagenous
- elastic

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12
Q

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

A

Bundles of collagen fibers oriented in various directions (meshwork)

Limited grounds substance and cells (fibroblasts)

Scattered elastic fibers

Resist stresses from many directions

Found the dermis of the skin, fibrous coverings on the surface of nerve, cartilage and bone, tough capsules around organs and joints

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13
Q

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

A

Primarily parallel coarse collagen bundles densely packed into sheets or cylinders; a few elastin fibers, major cell type is the fibroblast

elongated nuclei (N) of the thin, sheet-like fibroblasts lying between collagen bundles

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

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14
Q

Achilles tendon rupture

A

Collagen fibers in tendons all go in one direction, so it has less capability go withstand stress from other angles; also does not have the same regenerative properties, so the tendon cannot fuse back together on its own like other parts of the body can when they tear.

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15
Q

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

A

o Very similar to the organization of fibers in the tendon, BUT the regular elastic connective tissue structure is designed to
extend and return to its original length (resilience)

o Found in the wall of large blood vessels, underlying transitional
epithelium and surrounding respiratory passages.

Can distinguish elastin fibers through specific staining with ORCEIN

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16
Q

Reticular Tissue 9

A

A network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells (fibroblasts); mesh-like with many lymphoid cells interspersing between the reitcular fibers

Found in the stroma (supporting framework) of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes; portion of red bone marrow, basement membrane, and around blood vessels and muscles

Function: forms stroma of organs; binds together smooth muscle tissues; filters and removes worn out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in the lymph nodes.

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17
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

o One of the largest organs in the body
- 15–20% (normal weight men) or 20–25% (normal
weight women) of body weight

o Largest repository of energy (in the form of triglycerides)

o Very cellular (adipocytes) and has little if any matrix and few fibers; limited ground substance

o Filled with lipid in a single droplet or in small droplets

is an endocrine organ and participates in endocrine regulation; example, adipocytes can make a hormone called leptin

fat tissue is also involved inflammation and inflammation is related to PERIODONTAL DISEASE

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18
Q

Unilocular

A

white fat tissue that possess one large lipid droplet

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19
Q

Multilocular

A

brown fat tissue that possess many lipid droplets and also has mitochondria; maintain body temperature

found a lot in newborns

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20
Q

Types of Cells in CT

A

A) Fixed cells

 1. Fibroblasts
 2. Adipocytes
 3. Pericytes
 4. Mast cells

B) Some fixed and some transient
1. Macrophages

C) Transient cells

 1. Plasma cells
 2. Blood cells
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21
Q

Connective Tissue Cells Lineage

A

Adipocytes, fibroblasts, pericytes and other epithelial cells come from UNDIFFERENTIATED MESENCHYMAL cells

The rest are derived from HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

Macrophages come from MONOCYTES

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22
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Make collagen and secrete it, so they have big nuclei and a lot of cellular organelles like highly active mitochondria, rough ER, and golgi

Function: Synthesize extracellular matrices
– Collagen
– Elas4n
– Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
– Proteoglycan

• Synthesize growth factors
– influence growth and differentiation

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23
Q

Fibroblast vs Fibrocyte

A

• Fibroblast- active
– abundant, irregularly branched cytoplasm
– ovoid, large pale staining nucleus
– well developed rER, golgi

• Fibrocyte- inactive (quiescent)
– spindle shaped, few cell processes
– smaller, darker, elongated nucleus
– small amount of rER

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24
Q

Adipocyte

A
  • Stores lipids
  • Energy supply
  • Padding, protection, shock absorber
  • Insulation
  • Generation of heat (brown fat)
  • Endocrine function
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25
Q

Development of Fat Cells

A

They come from mesenchymal stem cells which can become fibroblasts or lipoblasts and then the lipoblast can become white or brown fat cells

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26
Q

Lipid Transport

A

Adipocyte to Capillaries

1) adipocytes store fat (energy) and this energy is used when we need it to burn fat to produce energy
2) triglyceride will be cleaved, perfused into a capillary, and then picked up.
3) It can also shift back to be stored by the fat cells

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27
Q

Pericyte

A

o Surround endothelial cells (rounded cell that wraps around)

o Have characteristics of endothelial cells and smooth
muscle cells: contractile- involved in blood flow; main function is contraction

o Plays a role in the blood–brain barrier

o Angiogenesis and the survival of endothelial cells

o Multipotential: wound healing-gives rise to connective tissue and blood vessels (i.e undifferentiated stem cell-like)

28
Q

Mast Cells

A 
• Oval to round
• IgE on surface
• Filled with metachromatic secretory granules
      – histamine
      – heparin
      – neutral proteases
     – ECF-A (eosinophil chemotactic factor of 
        anaphylaxis)
     – NCF (neutrophil chemotactic factor)
    – leukotrienes
   – prostaglandins
   – cytokines
  • have single nuclei along with course and OBVIOUS granules
  • found in the loose ct in skin and under the mesentry in intestines
  • Because it is actively producing proteins, it is common to see a lot of the cellular organelles needed for protein synthesis in the mast cells
29
Q

Macrophage

A
  • Phagocytic
  • Antigen presenting
  • long living
  • fixed and wandering

“Scavenger cells that find and destroy the bad guys”

30
Q

Phagocytosis

A

1) Recognition and Attachment: microbes bind to phagocyte receptors
2) Engulfment: Phagocyte membrane zips up around microbe

3) Kill and Degrade:
Killing of microbes by lysosomal enzymes in phagolysosome

31
Q

Opsonization

A
  • the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte
32
Q

Types of Macrophages

A

Monocyte - found in blood and is a precursor to macrophages

Macrophage - found connective tissue, lymphoid organs, lungs, production of cytokines, chemotactic factors, and other imflamatory dense molecules; antigen presentation

Kupffer cell - found in liver; same function as macrophages

Microglia - found in nervous tissue

Langerhans cells - found in skin

Osteoclast - found in founds; digestion of bone

Multinuclear giant cell - digestion in ct

33
Q

Plasma Cell

A

• Arise from B-lymphocytes
• Ovoid, basophilic
• Well developed rER
• Juxtanuclear golgi
• Secretes antibodies*****
• clumps of heterochromatin create a “clock face”
pattern of nuclear chromatin in which the nucleolus is eccentrically located and surrounded by CH like clock

34
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A
  • Collagen
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
35
Q

Main types of Collagen

A

type I = dermis, bone, capsules of organs, fibrocartilage, dentin, cementum

type II = hyaline and elastic cartilages

type III = eticular fibers

type IV = basal lamina

type V = placenta

type VII = anchoring fibrils of the basal lamina (example: anchoring the fibrils produced in epithelium; epidermis is anchored by dermis)

NOTE When you say “collagen” by default, you are referring to Type I collagen; “collagenous tissue” means having type I collagen

36
Q

Collagen Organization

A

(largest) Collagen fiber bundle»fibers»smaller fibrils&raquo_space; aggregates of tropocollage molecules (smallest)

Tropocollagen molecules self-assemble: gap and overlap

The gap and overlap: in register with tropocollagen molecules of neighboring rows

Hydroxyproline residues of α chains: maintain the stability of the tropocollagen molecule (3 alpha chains)

The gaps are actually stained darker compared to the areas of overlap because the gaps hold more dye

37
Q

Reticular Fibers

A
  • Type III collagen
  • THINNER and MORE CARBOHYDRATES than type I fiber
  • stains black with silver stain and is invisible with H&E
  • produced by reticular cell
  • produce a scaffolding network (MESH-LIKE and less organized than collagen so it can hold a lot of cells)

Common in lymph nodes and spleen (specifically a major constituent of splenic cords in the red pulp)

38
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

• Can stretch 150% of length

• Fiber composed of
– Outer- microfibrils of fibrillin (glycoprotein)
– Inner- amorphous core of elastin

Stains darker than collagen fibers in H&E staining and also appear much thinner than the collagen bundles

Van Gieson staining is also a special staining that allows you to see elastic fibers (stain a dark blue/black color)

39
Q

Artery Walls and Elastic Fibers

A

Blood vessels have an internal elastic membrane called the tunica intima under the epithelium (simple squamous) Next is the tunica media layer which is layer of smooth muscle containing elastic fibers as well and then the tunica externa is the collagen fibes

Need the elasticity for expansion and contraction of theses thick vessels

40
Q

Ground Substance

A

• Complex of macromolecules

• Fills space between fibers and cells
– organizes Lssue topography, supports cell
migration, orients cells, induces cell behavior
– binds growth factors, cytokines-reservoir

• Three classes of compounds
– Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
– Proteoglycans
– Multiadhesive glycoproteins

41
Q

Glycosaminoglycan (GAGs)

A
  • Repeating disacharide: Hexozamine +uronic acid
  • Hydrophilic polyanions (can bind cations such as sodium)
  • Part of proteoglycan
  • Osmotic pressure leads to increased water content- firmness, flexibility
  • Hyaluronic acid is the most ubiquitous GAG
42
Q

Structure of GAGs and Proteoglycans

A

Glycosaminoglycans are made up of repeated disaccharide units which then come together and attach onto one large core protein

The GAGs attached on to a core protein = a PROTEOGLYCAN (has a brush-like appearance)

43
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

A
  • Protein component predominates
  • Globular protein with carbohydrate, attached carbohydrates are usually branched
  • Cell-cell and cell-substrate
  1. Fibronectin: synthetized by fibroblasts and
    epithelial cells
  2. laminin: participate in adhesion of epithelium
    cells to basal lamina
  3. Integrins: Matrix receptor
44
Q

Fibronectin

A

Exists as a protein dimer, consisting of two nearly identical monomers linked by a pair of disulfide bonds

Three binding domains

1) cells 
2) collagens
3) GAGs
45
Q

Laminin

A

Trimeric proteins that contain three chains

participate in adhesion of epithelium cells to basal lamina

Three binding domains

1) cells 
2) collagens
3) GAGs
46
Q

Integrins

A

Have two different
chains - the α (alpha) and β (beta) subunits

Are cell-surface molecule
that bind to collagen,
fibronecytin and laminin

Are transmembrane
receptors or linker proteins
and interact also with cytoskeleton AcHn
microfilaments

Plays a role in signaling transduction and can bind to specific ligands and activate down stream cell signaling

47
Q

Process of how cells react to antigens

A

BASICALLY, secretory granules will come to the plasma membrane, fuse, and secrete the products out and ilicit an inflammatory response

DETAILS BELOW:
1) Binding of antigen to IgE-receptor complex causes cross-linking of IgE and consequent clustering of receptors

2) Activation of adenylate cyclase
3) Activation of protein kinase
4) Phosphorylation of protein
5) Release of Ca2+
6) Fusion of granules

7_ Release of granules’ contents or secretion of leukotrienes, thromboxanes/prostaglandins

48
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Histamine: vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (why we have stuff noses)

Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF) recruits eosinophil to take care of
parasitic infections

Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor: released in response to bacterial infection (microorganisms)

Leukotrienes: increase vascular permeability/enhance effects of histamine

Thromboxane A2: platelet-aggregating mediator and VASOCONSTRICTION

49
Q

Tissue Fluid

A

o Similar to blood plasma in ions

o Similar to blood plasma in diffusible substances

o Contains low molecular weight plasma proteins

o Circulation to feed cells and remove waste

50
Q

Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressure Tissue Fluid Movement

A

In a blood vessel, there is an arteriole end and a venule end and two pressures exist between them: hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

There is a decrease in hydrostatic pressure and an increase in osmotic pressure from the arterial to
the venous ends of blood capillaries

Fluid leaves the capillary through its arterial end and re-penetrates (enters) the blood at the venous end while some fluid is also drained by the lymphatic capillaries

51
Q

Edema

A

when there is a decrease in colloid osmotic
pressure, water accumulates in the connective tissue

This is because water leaves blood vessel from arterial
end is not drawn back into the capillaries at venous ends

Low osmotic pressure means that the fluid will stay in the tissue and it will cause swelling (EDEMA)

52
Q

Skin

A

Basically made of two parts: epidermis ( stratified squamous epithelium) and dermis (dense irregular collagen ct)

Skin also has appendages such as sweat and sebaceous glands, hair, hair follicles and nails

53
Q

Non-Inherited CT Disorders

A

1) Cellulitis: infection
> Requiring intravenous antibiotics
> 80% of cases of cellulitis of the submandibular
space caused by dental procedure

2) Scarred CT in dermis
> collagen bundles are irregular in the tissue but if they are really curvy and abnormal, it is actually scar tissue

3) Keloid Formation:
>Excessively thick layer of the dermis; apparent large, eosinophilic, type I collagen
fibers

54
Q

Scurvy

A

Non-Inherited CT disorder

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency leads to scurvy, a disease characterized by the degeneration of connective tissue.

Ascorbic acid is a cofactor for proline hydroxylase, which is essential for the normal synthesis of collagen

More pronounced in areas in which collagen renewal takes place at a faster rate (periodontal ligament) leads to a loss of teeth.

55
Q

Inherited Disorders of CT

A

1) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)
2) Marfan syndrome
3) Osteogenesis Imperfecta
4) Epidermolysis bullosa

56
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)

A

Actually a group of more than 10 disorders

Defect in collagen synthesis (col I or III):
- progressive deterioration of collagens

Characterized by over-flexible joints, stretchy skin,
and abnormal growth of scar tissue.

Depending on the specific form of EDS, other
symptoms may include:
- A curved spine
- Weak blood vessels
- Bleeding gums
- Problems with the lungs, heart valves, or digestion

57
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

abnormal fibrillin gene

Fibrillin gene is required to make elastic fibers

The elastin protein makes the core and then the fibrillin to cover the core protein to make the functional elastic fiber

58
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Autosomal domninant disease: brittle bones

Present at birth

Defect type I collagen gene or different defects
that can affect this gene

Has oral manifestions as lack of/weak dentin and cementum because type I collagen also makes these fibers so the teeth are weak and miscolored

59
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa

A

Fragile skin: Butterfly children

Mutations in the COL7A1 gene: anchoring fibrils

Type VII collagen: connect the epidermis to the dermis. When it is abnormal or missing, friction or other minor trauma can cause the two skin layers to separate

Causes blistering in response to minor injury, heat, or friction from rubbing, scratching or adhesive tape

60
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

Body’s normally protective immune system
produces antibodies that target the body’s own
tissues for attack

61
Q

Scleroderma

A

Excess production of collagen buildup of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the skin and other organs

Hard and thick skin, swelling or pain

Localized and systemic sclerosis

Women are four times more likely to develop

Autoimmune Diseases, exact cause is unknown

62
Q

Connective Tissue related lesion in the Oral Cavity

A

1) Plasma Cell Gingivitis
2) Irritation Fibroma (traumatic fibroma, focal fibrous hyperplasia)
3) Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
4) Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
5) Desmoplastic fibroma

63
Q

Plasma Cell Gingivitis

A

caused by an allergic rxn which activates the plasma cells in the area

64
Q

Irritation Fibroma

A

Also traumatic fibroma, focal fibrous hyperplasia

most common of all hyperplastic growths in the oral cavity

hyperproliferations of collagen due to injury; not true neoplasm

65
Q

Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma

A

A form of reactive hyperplasia that frequently contains bone

the lesion arises from the PDL structures or periosteum

66
Q

Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma

A

Most often affects the gingival

Fibroblasts and endothelial cells: often coalesce into multinucleated
giant cell forms

May surround sinusoidal spaces.

67
Q

Desmoplastic fibroma

A

Benign fibrous infiltrative
proliferation: very dense
mature collagen

mandible of young patients

mandibular resection

recurrence rate 25%

Basic Tissues (8 decks)

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