Connective tissue

Question 1

What are the five major connective tissue in the body?

Answer 1

1) Tendons
2) Ligaments
3) Cartilage
4) Bone
5) Muscle

Question 2

What are the three major components of connective tissue?

Answer 2

1) Fibers
2) Ground substance w/ associated tissue fluid
3) Cellular substances

Question 3

Name two types of CT fibers

Answer 3

1) Collagen

2) Elastin

Question 4

Name two types of cellular substances

Answer 4

1) Fibroblast (osteoblasts in bone, chondrocytes in cartilage)
2) Cells specific to each CT type

Question 5

What is the function of Type I collagen? What are some examples?

Answer 5

Resistance to tension
Ex: Ligaments, bone dermis, fibrous cartilage, epimysium, perimsium, endomysium, fascia, joint capsule, meniscus, mature scar

Question 6

What is the function of Type II collagen? What are some examples?

Answer 6

Resistance to intermittent pressure

Ex: Loosely packed, no fibers, very thin fibrils such as hyaline and elastic cartilage, menisci

Question 7

What is the function of Type III collagen? What are some examples?

Answer 7

Structured maintenance for organs

Ex: Loosely packed, thin fibrils such as smooth muscle in CV and GI systems

Question 8

What is the function of Type IV collagen? What are some examples?

Answer 8

Support and filtration

Ex: Thin amorphous such as basement membrane

Question 9

Name one reason that determines tissue type:

Answer 9

Arrangement

Question 10

How are tendons arranged?

Answer 10

closely packed and roughly parallel

Question 11

How are ligaments arranged?

Answer 11

Not as parallel as a tendon, but more organized than a capsule

Question 12

How are joint capsules arranged?

Answer 12

Loose weave of interlaced fibers, disorganized

Question 13

How does collagen align?

Answer 13

Purposefully according to the direction of force or stress

Question 14

Name four functions of CT:

Answer 14

1) Support
2) Strength
3) Repair
4) Mechanical connector between cells

Question 15

T or F: Connective tissue are abundant and diverse.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

What type of strength does CT provide?

Answer 16

CT provides tensile strength

Question 17

Where is CT weakest and strongest?

Answer 17

• Weakest where the muscle/tendon meet AND at tissue intersurface
• Strongest in the middle

Question 18

Is CT vascularity generally good or poor? Which one is the exception?

Answer 18

Vascularity is generally poor with the exception of bone

Question 19

Where are CT neural innervations found in abundance? Which CT lacks neural innervation?

Answer 19

• Neural innervations are abundant in muscle spindle and GTO (golgi tendon organ)
• cartilage lacks neural innervation

Question 20

How does elastin (type of fiber, which is a component of CT), provide its elastic properties?

Answer 20

• Unique cross linking

- allows tissue to come back to normal links

Question 21

Name three reasons why it’s important for PTs to understand the healing phases of CT?

Answer 21

1) Injury response for soft tissue is a relatively predictable manner
2) The repair process is similar in all CT
3) Know when you can stress tissues

Question 22

How long does the inflammatory phase last?

Answer 22

1-6 days

Question 23

What are the pros and cons of inflammation?

Answer 23

Normally has a protective role and is generally beneficial because it starts the healing process, however can be detrimental if not controlled

Question 24

Name the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation:

Answer 24

1) Heat
2) Erythema (color/redness)
3) Pain
4) Edema
5) Functional loss

Question 25

Name the four stages of the inflammatory phase:

Answer 25

1) Vasoconstriction (Vascular)
2) Vasodilation (Hemostatic)
3) Clot Formation (Blood cellular response)
4) Phagocytosis (Immune response)

Question 26

In which phase and type of cells are first at the site of the injury?

Answer 26

-Clot formation->Platelets are the 1st cells at the site of the injury

Question 27

Platelets bind to this and release this substance to stimulate clotting:

Answer 27

Platelets bind to exposed collagen and release fibrin to stimulate clotting

Question 28

Which cell is the most important in the inflammatory phase?

Answer 28

Macrophages

Question 29

Macrophages are converted from what?

Answer 29

Monocytes

Question 30

During phagocytosis, what enzyme do the macrophages release? What does this enzyme do?

Answer 30

Collagenase->facilitates removal of bacteria or other foreign substances

Question 31

Name four systematic effects you may expect in the inflammatory phase:

Answer 31

1) Overall elevation of temperature
2) Increased heart rate, possibly blood pressure
3) Elevated white blood cell count
4) General increase in metabolism

Question 32

How long does the second phase, proliferation phase, last?

Answer 32

3-20 days

Question 33

Name the four processes of the proliferation phase, which achieves coalescence and closure of the injured area:

Answer 33

1) Epithelialization
2) Collagen Production
3) Wound Contraction
4) Neovascularization

Question 34

When does epithelialization begin?

Answer 34

Epithelialization can occur within 48 hours

Question 35

What is the purpose of epithelialization?

Answer 35

Protection, loss of additional cells, fluids, etc.

Question 36

What happens in epithelialization?

Answer 36

• Normally lays down

- Migrate and eventually for thin film over the wound