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Histotechnology 4 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Name one disorder related to connective tissue, and how does it effect connective tissue in the body?

A
  • Marfan Syndrome
  • Lack of elastin production
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2
Q

How is connective tissue formed in the body?

A

It is derived from the mesoderm, formed through the differentiation of the mesenchymal cells and matrix.

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3
Q

What cells are present in connective tissue?

A
  • Mast
  • Fibroblast
  • Histocytes
  • Adipose cells
  • Reticular cells
  • Osteoblasts and cytes
  • Chondroblast and cytes
  • Blood cells
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4
Q

What is the composition of the extracellular matrix?

A
  • Fibers
  • Ground substance
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5
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs.

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6
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

A
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
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7
Q

What is the purpose of elastic fibers?

A

Allows stretching of the tissue

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8
Q

Where is elastic fibers found?

A

Most Fibrous CT

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9
Q

What is the purpose of reticular fibers?

A

Support the framework for cellular organs

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10
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Provide strength

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11
Q

Which “organs” make up type 1 collagen?

A
  • Tendon
  • Bone
  • Adult skin
  • aorta
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12
Q

Which “organs” make up type 2 collagen?

A
  • Cartilage
  • intervertebral discs
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13
Q

Which “organs” make up type 3 collagen?

A
  • Newborn skin
  • Aorta
  • lung
  • liver
  • spleen
  • kidney
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14
Q

Which “organs” make up type 4 collagen?

A

Basement membrane

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15
Q

What is the composition of ground substances?

A

Mucopolysaccharides
( Large acidic polysaccharides bound to protein)

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16
Q

What type of staining method is required for ground substances?

A

Carbohydrate staining

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17
Q

What is the function of basement membrane?

A

Support the epithelium

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18
Q

What forms the basement membrane?

A
  • Epithelial cells
  • type 4 collagen
  • glycoproteins
  • proteoglycan
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19
Q

What type of staining method “technology” is required for basement membrane?

A
  • Carbohydrate staining
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20
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize collagen?

A

Masson Trichrome

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21
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize Elastic fibers?

A

Verhoeff Van Gieson

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22
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize Reticulin?

A
  • Gordon and sweets
  • silver impregnation
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23
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize basement membrane?

A

PAS

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24
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize Mast cells?

A

Toludine Blue

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25
Q

What is the medical term used when there is build up of collagen and fibrotic tissue within an organ.

A

Cirrhosis

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26
Q

When there is a build up of collagen and fibrotic tissue what can be noted about the arrangement of the collagen?

A

Irregular meshwork

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27
Q

What is the purpose of Masson Trichrome staining?

A

Demonstrate collagen and fibrotic changes.

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28
Q

What are the ideal fixatives to use for Masson trichrome staining technique?

A

Bouin’s and Zenkers

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29
Q

What must be done to a tissue fixed in NBF prior to staining it with the Masson Thrichrome technique?

A

Post Mordant the tissue in Bouin’s or Zenker’s.

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30
Q

What is the purpose of post mordant?

A

Increase tissue acidophilia

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31
Q

Which primary stain is used in Masson Trichrome?

A

Weigert’s Iron hematoxylin

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32
Q

What is the advantage of using iron hematoxylin over alum hematoxylin?

A

Stronger chemical union which increases its resistance to acids

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33
Q

PMA / PTA define the abbreviation.

A

Phosphomolybdic acid
Phosphotungstic acid

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34
Q

What are the expected results of staining with Masson Trichrome.

A

Nuclei - Blue/ Black
Muscle, cytoplasm, RBC - RED
Collagen - Green/Blue (dep on counter stain)

35
Q

What is the purpose of using PMA/PTA in Masson trichrome?

A

Differentiates/ removes dye from collagen leaves RBC red

36
Q

What is the best tissue of choice for collagen staining techniques?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Appendix
  • Uterus
  • Blood vessels
37
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get poor red staining. What happened?

A

Old stain

38
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get poor blue staining. What happened?

A

The slide was over differentiated in acetic acid

39
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get poor nuclear staining. What happened?

A

The slide was exposed to an acidic solution prior to staining.
Or the hematoxylin is exhausted

40
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get poor cytoplasmic staining. What happened?

A
  • Too many water washes
  • Too much dehydration time
41
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get uneven staining. What happened?

A

The tissue was fixed in formalin.

42
Q

Which staining technique is used to stain elastic fibers?

A
  • Verhoeff Van Geison
  • Gomori Aldehyde Fuchsin
43
Q

How does Verhoeff’s work?

A

Hydrogen bonding

44
Q

What kind of fixatives can be used in conjunction to verhoeff’s?

A
  • AWFT
  • NBF
  • Zenker’s
45
Q

What are the three components of the Verhoeff’s staining and in which order do they have to be used?

A
  • 5% Alc hematoxylin
  • 10% ferric chloride
  • Verhoeff’s Iodine
46
Q

In Verhoeff’s staining what is the purpose of 10% ferric chloride?

A

Acts as a Mordant and an oxidizer

47
Q

In Verhoeff’s staining what is the purpose of Verhoeff’s Iodine?

A

It acts as a trapping Agent and an oxidizer.

48
Q

What solution is used to differentiation in the Verhoeff’s staining?

A

2% ferric chloride

49
Q

What is the purpose of using 5% hypo solution in the Verhoeff’s?

A

To remove any background staining and excess iodine

50
Q

You special stain AWFT with Verhoeff’s and Van Gieson. When differentiating the Verhoeff stain you choose to leave it slightly under differentiated. After staining with Van Gieson it looks over differentiated. What happened?

A

The tissue was left too long in the Van Gieson. The picric acid can further differentiate if left too long.

51
Q

What is to be expected to see when using Verhoeff’s Van Gieson staining? “What are the results”

A
  • Elastic fiber and Nuclei = blue/black
  • Collagen = red
  • Cytoplasm, Muscle and RBC = yellow
52
Q

What are the best tissue to use for Verhoeff Van Gieson special staining?

A
  • Aorta
  • Large Artery
  • Skin
53
Q

Which staining methods can be used to demonstrate Basement membrane?

A
  • PAS
  • Silver Impregnation
54
Q

What is the clinical purpose of basement membrane demonstration?

A
  • Thickness (thick/thin)
  • Crenations
55
Q

What are the three main solutions used in Gamori Aldehyde Fushin to make the paraldehyde?

A
  • Rosaniline
  • Pararosaniline
  • Magenta
56
Q

What are the counterstains used in Gamori’s?

A
  • Light green
  • Van Gieson
57
Q

What fixative is preferred for tissue’s requiring Gamori’s special staining?

A

NBF

58
Q

What tissue’s are best for Gamori’s aldehyde fuchsin?

A
  • Aorta embedded on edge
  • Muscular artery
  • Skin
59
Q

What Special stain is used to visualize Mast cells?

A

Toludine Blue

60
Q

What is the purpose of using toludine blue?

A

Demonstration of metachromatic tissue elements.

61
Q

How does metachromatic tissue elements stain? and Why?

A

They stain a different colour than the dye solution. Due to the pH, the dye concentration, temperature and presence of water.

62
Q

How does toludine blue stain tissues?

A
  • Chromotropes are stained purple/red
    -orthochromatic tissue = blue
63
Q

Can you use alcoholic rinses for mast cell demonstrations stained with toludine blue? and why?

A

Yes, because unlike other metachromatic tissue, mast cells granules are stable in alcoholic dehydration.

64
Q

What will toludine blue stain? “Results”

A
  • mast cells = red/purple
  • Nuclei = Blue
65
Q

Which fixative is best for toludine blue staining methods?

A

NBF

66
Q

Which tissue are best for the purpose of using toludine blue?

A
  • Gastrointestinal tract ‘
  • Skin
  • respiratory system
  • Something in the junction near the outer environment and the inner environment.
67
Q

Which special staining techniques can be used to visualize reticulin fibers?

A
  • Silver impregnation
  • Gordon and Sweet’s
68
Q

What is the purpose of demonstrating reticulin fibers in tissue?

A

differentiation diagnosis of certain tumors based on their location of the reticulum.

69
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A
  • Tumor where the reticulum surrounds a nest of tumors and support from the outer surface.
70
Q

What is a Sarcoma?

A

A mesh like pattern of reticulum around the tumor, supports each cell.

71
Q

What is a Lymphosarcoma?

A

Each individual cell is surrounded by reticular fibers

72
Q

How does the silver impregnation method work?

A

Argyrophilic reactions

73
Q

What is the purpose of an external chemical such as potassium permagnganate in Gordon and Sweet’s?

A

Used to reduce argyrophilic properties of reticular fibers to expose aldehyde groups.

74
Q

What is the purpose of using oxalic acid in Gordon and sweets?

A

Removes colour

75
Q

Explain the sensitization step in Gordon and Sweets? What solution is used in this step?

A

Iron is bound to the exposed aldehyde groups.
- Iron alum is used

76
Q

How is pigment formed following sensitization in Gordon and Sweets?

A

tissue is treated with 10% Formalin to reduce silver to black metallic deposits

77
Q

What is the counter stain in Gordon and Sweets?

A

Nuclear Fast red

78
Q

What must you keep in mind when using Nuclear Fast red?

A

Must be washed properly to avoid cloudy red back ground.

79
Q

What are the expected results when staining with Gordon and Sweets?

A
  • Reticulin fiber: Black
  • Background : red
80
Q

What is the preferred fixative for Gordon and Sweets?

A

NBF

81
Q

Which tissue are best for the demonstration of Gordon and Sweets or Silver impregnation?

A

Liver
Spleen

82
Q

How do you discard silver solutions?

A

Neutralize it with HCl or NaCl

83
Q

Explain the rule of activity series of metals as it pertains to iron (Fe) and silver (Ag)

A

Iron is more reactive than silver. Iron will leave the reticulin fiber to replace the silver ions (in solution) thus depositing silver on the reticulin fibers.

Histotechnology 4 (2 decks)

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