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Cell And Tissue Biology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Connective tissue does what?

A
  • Provides a matrix that supports and physically connects other tissues and cells together
  • It’s interstitial fluid gives metabolic support to cells (Diffusion of nutrients and wastes products)
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2
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A
  • Cells and extra cellular matrix (ECM)
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3
Q

What is ECM? (Extra cellular Matrix)

A
  • Consists of fibers and ground substance
  • Derived from embryonic mesenchyme which gives rise to the various connective tissues of the body
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4
Q

What is Mesenchyme?

A
  • A tissue developing from the mesoderm (the middle layer of the embryo)
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5
Q

What are the 4 different types of permanent/resident CT cells?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • adipocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
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6
Q

What are Fibroblasts?

A

Principal and most prevalent connective tissue cell

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7
Q

What do fibroblasts Produce?

A
  • They produce and maintain the Extra cellular matrix (ECM) - fibers and ground substance
  • Synthesize and secret fibers like collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
  • Also synthesizes the complex carbohydrates of ground substance (GAGS, Proteoglycans, and glycoproteins)
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8
Q

What is the most abundant fibers in the fibroblasts?

A
  • Collagen
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9
Q

Active cells are called?

A
  • Fibroblasts
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10
Q

Inactive cells that are smaller are called?

A
  • Fibrocyte
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11
Q

What are Adipocytes?

A
  • Fat cells, found in the connective tissues of many organs
  • They are large cells derived from mesenchyme
  • They are specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipids (energy storage)
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12
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A
  • They do the production of heat
    They cushion and protect skin and other organs
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13
Q

What are Macrophages?

A
  • Derived from monocytes (a type of white blood cell), sometimes referred to as tissue histiocytes
  • They are capable of surrounding substances and pull them within the cell (Phagocytic cells)
  • They remove all kind of debris
  • They have golgi complexes
  • IMPORTANT TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • ALSO APC Antigen presenting Cell
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14
Q

What are Mast Cells?

A
  • Large, ovoid heavily granulated connective tissue cells that develop in the bone marrow, and then migrate to connective tissue where they mature and differentiate to develop their characteristic granules
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15
Q

Where are Mast Cells found?

A
  • They are numerous in the CT of skin and mucous membranes
  • Surface has many Fc receptors for IgE antibodies; binding of IgE triggers mast cell activation and degranulation with release of granule content to the ECM
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16
Q

Mast cells are associated with what?

A
  • allergic reactions known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • Some hypersensitivity reactions can be potentially fatal such as anaphylactic shock
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17
Q

What are some important secretory products of mast cell granules?

A
  • Histamine
  • Heparin
  • Serine Proteases
  • Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors
  • Cytokines
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18
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

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19
Q

What is Heparin?

A
  • An anticoagulant
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20
Q

Serine Proteases

A
  • Activates chemical mediators of inflammation
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21
Q

Eosinophil and Neutrophil Chemotactic Factors

A

Attract these leukocytes (WBC’s) to sites of inflammation

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22
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Direct the activities of leukocytes and other cells of the immune system.
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23
Q

What are the 2 types of Wandering/Transient CT cells?

A
  • Plasma Cells
  • Other Leukocytes
24
Q

What are Plasma Cells

A
  • Physiologic function is an antibody producing cell which is derived from B Lymphocytes
  • They are large ovoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm, large pale Golgi apparatus
  • Nucleus eccentrically placed with compact peripheral regions of heterochromatin alternating with lighter areas of euchromatin giving a “Clock face” appearance
25
Q

What do Other Leukocytes (WBC’s) do?

A
  • If there is tissue injury and immune responses other leukocytes from the peripheral circulation may migrate between the endothelial cells of blood vessels to enter the connective tissues
26
Q

Other Types of leukocytes (WBC’s) includes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
27
Q

Adult Stem Cells are?

A
  • Tissue stem cells
  • Niches of adult stem cells are located in various tissues and organs
  • Typically limited to differentiating into lineage specific cells.
28
Q

What are Myofibroblasts?

A
  • Fibroblasts involved in wound healing
  • Have a well developed contractile function; contain a form of actin similar to smooth muscle cells
29
Q

What does the ECM contain?

A
  • Connective tissue fibers
  • Ground Substance
30
Q

What are the types of connective tissue fibers?

A
  • Collagen (most abundant)
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
31
Q

What is Collagen?

A
  • A family of proteins which form various extra cellular fibers, sheets and networks with strong resistance to shearing and tearing forces
  • Most abundant protein in the body (30% of it’s dry weight)
  • Collagen fibers are bundles of fine, thread like subunits called collagen fibrils
  • Collagen synthesis may occur in other cell types but it is the specialty of the fibroblasts
32
Q

Collagen Synthesis

A
  • Pro-collagen at chains (polypeptides) produced in the RER
  • In the ER, 3 a chains are aligned, stabilized by disulfide bonds, and folded as a triple helix
33
Q

What is the triple helix in the collagen synthesis?

A
  • The triple Helix undergoes exocytosis and cleaved into a procollagen molecule
34
Q

What is a procollagen molecule in the triple helix?

A
  • The basic subunit from which all fibers or sheets are assembled (AKA Tropocollagen)
  • Different combinations of procollagen a chains produce the various types of collagen with different structures and functional properties
35
Q

What are Reticular Fibers?

A
  • They are the supporting stroma of hemopoeitic (bone marrow) and lymphatic tissue forming an extensive network called a RETICULUM
  • In these tissues reticular fibers are produced by reticular cells (fibroblasts) which surrounds the fiber with it;s cytoplasm, thus isolating it from other tissue components
36
Q

Where are Reticular fibers found?

A
  • They are found in delicate loose connective tissue found at the boundary of CT and epithelium, surrounding adipocytes, small blood vessels, nerves, and muscle cells
  • They are abundant in embryonic tissue ‘
37
Q

Reticular fibers are what type of collagen?

A
  • They are mostly type 3 Collagen
38
Q

What are elastic fibers produced by?

A
  • They are produced by fibroblasts, composed of fibrilin which forms a network of micro fibrils embedded in a large mass of cross linked elastin.
39
Q

What do the elastic fibers do?

A
  • allow tissues to respond to stretch and distension
  • Thinner than collagen fibers (type 1), interspersed with networks of collagen bundles
  • In large blood vessels, elastin also occurs in fenestrated (discontinuous) sheets called elastic lamellae
  • They do not stain well with H&E
40
Q

What is the ground substance?

A
  • The part of the ECM that occupies spaces between the cells and fibers.
  • Highly hydrated, transparent complex mixture consisting of 3 MAJOR MACROMOLECULES
  • Glycosaminoglycans
  • Proteoglycans
  • Multiadhesive Glycoproteins
41
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s)?

A
  • Major GAG’s (Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin,/dermatan sulfates, keratin sulfates, and heparin sulfate)
  • Responsible for the physical properties of ground substance, space filling, cushioning, and lubricant functions. E
42
Q

Proteoglycans are?

A
  • Composed of GAG’s covalently attached to core proteins; associate with collagen fibers and other ECM components
43
Q

What are multiadhesive glycoproteins?

A
  • Plays an important role in stabilizing the ECM and linking it to the cell surfaces.
  • Uses Fibronectin
44
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue proper?

A
  • Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar Tissue)
  • Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
  • Dense Regular Connective Tissue
45
Q

What is Loose connective tissue (Areolar Tissue)?

A
  • Characterized by fewer loosely arranged fibers (mostly type 1 collagen) and abundant cells
  • Primarily located beneath the epithelia that cover the body surfaces and line the internal surfaces of the body.
    Associated with the epithelium of glands and surrounds small blood vessels
  • Always irregular (random) in it’s arrangement of fibers
46
Q

What is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?>

A
  • Characterized by abundant fibers (mostly type 1 collagen) and few cells (mostly fibroblasts)
  • Provides significant strength, allows organs and tissues to withstand stretching and distension forces
  • Collagen bundles appear randomly interwoven
47
Q

Location of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

A
  • Dermis of the skin
  • submucosa of hollow organs
  • Capsules surrounding most organs
48
Q

What is dense Regular Connective Tissue?

A
  • Characterized by ordered and densely packed arrays of fiber and cells
  • Mostly Type 1 Collagen and fibroblasts aligned in parallel rows, offers great resistance to prolonged or repeated stress.
  • Contains very little ECM, very few blood vessels
49
Q

Examples of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

A
  • Tendons (Connect muscle to bone)
  • Ligaments (Connects Bone to Bone)
  • Aponeuroses (Sheet Like Tendons)
50
Q

What are the 3 types of Specialized connective tissue?

A
  • Embryonic connective tissues (2 types: Mesenchyme and Mucoid (mucous CT))
  • adipose Tissue (2 types: White and Brown)
  • Reticular Tissue
51
Q

What is the Mesenchyme embryonic CT?

A
  • Primarily found in the embryo
  • Contains undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating into all the connective tissues (proper and specialized/supportive: cartilage and bone)
  • Also includes stem cells for other tissues (blood and muscle)
52
Q

What is the Mucoid (Mucous) embryonic CT?

A
  • Present in the umbilical cord
  • Wharton’s Jelly: specialized ground substance (jelly like)
  • Fewer cells (fibroblasts) than mesenchyme and wispy fibers
  • also found in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc
53
Q

What is the White Adipose tissue?

A
  • Uniocular: contains single large droplets of triglycerides (lipid) which displaces the nucleus to the periphery
  • Appear spherical when isolated, it polyhedral when closely packed (“Chicke Wire”) appearance
  • Specialized for long term energy storage
  • Lipid removed by solvents used in routine histologic techniques; appear empty with standard light microscopy
54
Q

What is the Brown Adipose Tissue?

A
  • 2-5% of newborn body weight ; mostly back, neck, and shoulders
  • Greatly reduced during childhood and adolescence
  • Multiocular: contain multiple lipid droplets, abundant mitochondria, nucleus more centrally located
  • Mainly function to produce heat
55
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A
  • Numbers of brown adipocytes increase during cold adaptation

Cell And Tissue Biology (1 decks)

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