connective tissue

Question 1

what is connective tissue

Answer 1

👉Connective tissue is the tissue that connects or separates, and supports all the other types of tissues in the body.

👉Like all tissue types, it consists of cells surrounded by a compartment of fluid called the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 2

what are the functions of the connective tissue

Answer 2

👉Connective tissue supports organs and cells,
👉acts as a medium for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues,
👉protects against microorganisms,
👉repairs damaged tissues, and
👉stores fat.

Question 3

what are the functions of the connective tissue

Answer 3

👉Connective tissue supports organs and cells,
👉acts as a medium for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues,
👉protects against microorganisms,
👉repairs damaged tissues, and
👉stores fat.

Question 4

what is ground substance

Answer 4

👉is a colorless, transparent, gel-like material in which the cells and fibers of connective tissue are embedded.

👉It is a complex mixture of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

👉Ground substance:
-serves as a lubricant,
-helps prevent invasion of tissues by foreign agents, and
-resists forces of compression

Question 5

what are the composition of ground substances

Answer 5

👉It is a complex mixture of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

Question 6

what are the functions of ground substance

Answer 6

👉

Question 7

what are the functions of ground substance

Answer 7

👉serves as a lubricant,
👉helps prevent invasion of tissues by foreign agents, and
👉resists forces of compression

Question 8

comment on collagen

Answer 8

👉Although there are over 20 different types,
👉Collagen fibers are predominantly
>collagen type I(Skin, bone, tendon, ligament, dentin, sclera),
>collagen type II (Hyaline and elastic cartilage)
>collagen type III (In loose connective tissue, blood vessels, smooth muscle, endoneurium).

👉These are the most abundant protein fiber type, providing varying degrees of strength and rigidity to tissues.

Question 9

where do you see the collagen type I fibres

Answer 9

👉Fibrocartilage (Type I & II)
👉Skin
👉bone
👉tendon
👉ligament
👉dentin
👉sclera

Question 10

where do you see the type II collagen fibres

Answer 10

👉Hyaline
👉Fibrocartilage (Type I & II)
👉Elastic cartilage

Question 11

where do you see type III collagen fibres

Answer 11

in loose connective tissues, blood vessels, smooth muscle, endoneurium

Question 12

what are reticular fibres

Answer 12

👉Reticular fibers consist of collagen type III,
👉They are thin delicate fibers that form meshlike networks in organs such as the spleen, kidneys and lymph nodes.

Question 13

what is the collagen for reticular fibres

Answer 13

type III

Question 14

what are elastic fibres

Answer 14

👉Elastic fibers are made from the protein elastin and the microfibrils of fibrillin, giving stretching and bending properties to tissues.

👉They are mostly found within the walls of large blood vessels, elastic cartilages, yellow ligaments, lungs and skin.

Question 15

like where do we see elastin fibres

Answer 15

👉they are mostly found within the walls of large blood vessels,
👉elastic cartilages,
👉yellow ligaments,
👉lungs and
👉skin.

Question 16

what are the 2 types of connective tissue cells

Answer 16

Fixed and Transient

Question 17

list the fixed connective tissue cells

Answer 17

👉fibroblasts,
👉pericytes,
👉adipose cells,
👉mast cells, and
👉fixed macrophages

Question 18

list the transient connective tissue cells

Answer 18

👉certain macrophages,
👉lymphocytes,
👉plasma cells,
👉neutrophils,
👉eosinophils, and
👉basophils.

Question 19

comment on the fibroblasts

Answer 19

👉Fibroblasts arise from mesenchymal cells and are the predominant cells in connective tissue proper.
👉They often possess an oval nucleus with 2 or more nucleoli.
👉Fibroblasts seldom undergo mitosis except in wound healing. They may differentiate into other cell types under certain conditions {NORMALLY: adipocytes, chondrocytes. PATHOLOGICALLY: osteoblasts}
👉They contain actin {Only at the periphery} and Myosin {everywhere in cytoplasm}
👉Synthetically active, they produce procollagen and other components of the extracellular matrix.

Question 20

what other cells does the fibroblast differenciate into

Answer 20

👉NORMALLY: adipocytes, chondrocytes.
👉PATHOLOGICALLY: osteoblasts}

Question 21

what are the pericytes

Answer 21

👉Pericytes are derived from embryonic mesenchymal cells and may retain a pluripotential role.

👉They possess characteristics of endothelial cells as well as smooth muscle cells because they contain actin, myosin, and tropomyosin, suggesting that they may function in contraction (esp. in blood vessels)

👉In response to injury, pericytes may give rise to endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells of blood vessel walls.

Question 22

what are the pericytes derived from

Answer 22

embryonic mesenchyme cells

Question 23

what are the pericytes response to injury

Answer 23

👉endothelial cells
👉fibroblasts
👉smooth muscle cells of blood vessel walls

Question 24

what are the adipocytes

Answer 24

👉Adipose cells (adipocytes) arise from mesenchymal cells and perhaps from fibroblasts.
👉They do not normally undergo cell division because they are fully differentiated cells. However, they do increase in number in early neonatal life.
👉They are surrounded by a basal lamina and
👉are responsible for the
-synthesis,
-storage, and
-release of fat.

Question 25

what are the embryonic connective tissue

Answer 25

👉Mucous tissue (Wharton jelly)
👉Mesenchymal tissue

Question 26

comment on mucous tissue (wharton jelly)

Answer 26

👉is a loose connective tissue that is the main constituent of
the umbilical cord.
👉It consists of a jellylike matrix with some collagen fibers in which
large stellate fibroblasts are embedded.

Question 27

comment on mucous tissue (wharton jelly)

Answer 27

👉is a loose connective tissue that is the main constituent of
the umbilical cord.
👉It consists of a jellylike matrix with some collagen fibers in which
large stellate fibroblasts are embedded.

Question 28

comment on the mesenchymal tissue

Answer 28

👉It is found only in embryos.
👉It consists of a gel-like amorphous matrix containing only a few scattered reticular fibers, in which star-shaped, pale-staining mesenchymal cells are embedded.
👉Mitotic figures are often observed in these pluripotential cells

Question 29

Comment on loose connective tissue

Answer 29

👉This tissue is well vascularized, flexible, and not very resistant to stress
👉It is more abundant than dense connective tissue and is the connective tissue that fills in the spaces just deep to the skin.
👉The chief cells are fibroblasts
👉Loose connective tissue is the most widely distributed type of connective tissue, found in the lining of the body’s inner surfaces.
👉Examples of loose connective tissue include;
- the lamina propria of the alimentary and respiratory tracts,
-mucous membranes of reproductive and urinary tracts,
-glands,
-mesentery and
-dermis of the skin.

Question 30

Examples of loose connective tissue

Answer 30

-the lamina propria of the alimentary and respiratory tracts,
-mucous membranes of reproductive and urinary tracts,
-glands,
-mesentery and
-dermis of the skin

Question 31

Comment on dense connective tissue

Answer 31

Dense connective tissue contains more fibers but fewer cells than loose connective tissue. Its ECM is densely packed with collagen fibers. It is classified by the orientation of its fiber bundles into two types:
👉Dense irregular connective tissue
👉Dense regular connective tissue

Question 32

Comment on dense regular connective tissues

Answer 32

👉Dense regular connective tissue has the collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other.
👉This arrangement provides the tissue with high unidirectional resistance to stress.
👉The best dense regular connective tissue examples are the tendons and ligaments.
👉They may be collagenous or elastic

Question 33

Where are the dense regular connective tissue

Answer 33

Tendons and ligaments

Question 34

Comment on the dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 34

👉Dense irregular connective tissue has collagen fibers randomly interwoven, forming a three-dimensional network resistant to distension in all directions.

👉It is usually located in the capsules and walls of the organs, the dermis of the skin and glands

Question 35

Where is the dense irregular connective tissue found

Answer 35

👉capsules and
👉walls of the organs,
👉the dermis of the skin and
👉glands

Question 36

Comment on elastic tissue

Answer 36

👉Elastic tissue is composed of coarse, branching elastic fibers with a sparse network of
collagen fibers and some fibroblasts filling the interstitial spaces.
👉It is present in the dermis, lungs, elastic cartilage, and elastic ligaments and in large (conducting) blood vessels,
👉where it forms fenestrated sheaths

Question 37

Where do you see elastic tissue

Answer 37

👉dermis,
👉lungs,
👉elastic cartilage, and
👉elastic ligaments and in
👉large (conducting) blood vessels

Question 38

What are the diffences btwn loose and dense CT

Answer 38

👉Fibres in matrix: Loose CT, has less fibres in the matrix than dense CT
👉Ground substance: A large proportion of cells and ground substance are in loose CT, compared to dense CT
👉Fibre arrangement: A few fibers are sparsely arranged in loose CT, in dense CT, fibres are abundantly arranged
👉 Vessels: loose CT has comparatively more blood vessels
👉 Collagen: Loose connective tissue has less collagen whereas Dense connective tissue has more collagen
👉Function: Loose connective tissue serves as supporting matrix while Dense connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments
👉 Subdivision: Adipose tissue, Areolar tissue, Reticular tissue (Loose CT), while, Dense regular connective tissue, Dense irregular connective tissue (Dense CT)

Question 39

Similarities between loose and dense CT

Answer 39

👉Loose and dense connective tissues are two types of connective tissues in our body.
👉Both tissues contain collagen fibres.
👉Moreover, they contain fibroblasts.
👉In addition, they provide structural support and connect various tissues and organs in our body.