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Histology > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue definition

A

Responsible for connection and binding of cells and organs

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2
Q

Structural function of CT

A
  • Form capsules that surround the organs and the internal architecture that support parenchymal cells
  • Dense CT makes up tendons and ligaments
  • Areloar CT fills up space between organs
  • Bone and cartilage support soft tissue
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3
Q

Defensive function of CT

A
  • CT provides a physical barrier preventing disperssion of micro-organisms that pass through the epithelia
  • CT contains phagocytic cells that phagocytose organisms and produce substances that modulate infammation
  • CT contains plasma cells that produce antibodies
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4
Q

Other functions of CT

A

Nuitritive function

Storage of fat

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5
Q

Embryonic origin of CT

A

Most CT is developed from the mesenchyme which develops from the mesoderm

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6
Q

Mesenchyme cells characteristics

A

They are rapidly dividing cells with high rate of protein synthesis
Nucleus: Oval with prominent nucleoli and fine chromatin
Cytoplasm: -Small in amount, have multiple thin processes
-Free ribosomes and mitochondria

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7
Q

Composition of CT

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Cells
Blood vessels
Nerves

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8
Q

Extracellular matrix components

A

Ground amorphus substance
Fibres - Collagen
- Reticular
-Elastic

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9
Q

Ground amorphus substance description

A

Amorphous, colorless, transparent and homogenous substance
Contains water, minerals and polysaccharides like:
-Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
-Proteoglycans
-Glycoproteins

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10
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Structure and types

A

Linear polysaccharides formed by repeated disaccharide units
The repeated disaccharide units are uronic acids and amino suragrs as hexosamines
TYPES:
-Non-sulphated GAGs: hyaluronic acid (long chain)
-Sulphated GAGs: chondrotin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate (short chain)

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11
Q

Proteoglycans

structure and types

A

When sulfated GAGs are conjucated with an axial protein they are called proteoglycans
When several proteoglycans are bound to hyaluronic acid, they form proteoglycan-hyalurinate complex (in cartialge, basophilic)

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12
Q

Glycoproteins

Structure and types

A 
Multi-adhesive macromolecules formed mainly of protein conjucated with few sugars or branched oligosaccharides 
Types:
Fibronectin: present in CT
Chondronectin: present in cartilage
Laminin: Present in basal lamina
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13
Q

Glycoproteins compared with proteoglycans

A

In glycoproteins:
The protein moiety predominates
Do not contain linear polysaccharides
The carbohydrates are branched

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14
Q

Functions of GAGs

A

Supportive as in cartilage
Protection against bacteria
Bind growth factors and can inhibit and activate these factors
Transport tissue fluid through their meshes
Lubricant as in joints

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15
Q

Glycoproteins functions

A

Are multi-adhesive

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16
Q

Clinical correlation of the ground amorphous substance

A

Form a barrier against penetration

Hyaluriondase of certain bacteria can dissolve it though

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17
Q

Collagen functions

A

It is a strong, resistant, supportive element in ECM

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18
Q

Collagen structure

A

Collagen fibres is composed of fibrils
Collagen fibirils is composed of microfibrils
Microfibrils is composed of tropocollagen helices
Each triple helix is composed of 3 polypeptide chains

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19
Q

Collagen type I

Function, stie

A
  • It is a basic protein that resists tension

- Present it: -CT proper -Fibrocartilage

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20
Q

Collagen type I

Medical applications

A
  • Defective formation of collagen type I will cause spontaneous fractures and cardiac insufficiency leading to heart failure ( inherited genitic disease) this is called Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Keloid: Disfiguring local swelling caused by abnormal amounts of collagen in skin scars
  • Scurvy: Lack of vitamin C (essential for hydroxylation of proline) causes ulceration of gums and hemorrhages
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21
Q

Collagen type II

Function, site

A

Resists pressure

Found in hyaline and elastic cartilage

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22
Q

Collagen type III

Function, site

A

Supportive in expansible organs
Present in :
-Loose and reticular CT
-Blood vessels

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23
Q

Collagen type III

Medical applications

A

Defective formation of colagen type III in the wall of aorta may lead to its ruptue (aneurysm)

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24
Q

Collagen type IV

Function, stie

A

Acts as a filter

Present in basal lamina

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25
Q

Collagen type V

Function, stie

A

Is present in asscociation with collagen type I
Present in:
-Fetal membranes
-Basement membranes

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26
Q

Collagen type VII

Function, stie

A

Anchoring/Linking collagen

Present in basment membranes

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27
Q

Cells seceting collagen fibres

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Chondroblasts
  • Odontoblasts
  • Osteoblasts
  • Vascular smooth muscle cells
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28
Q

Cells secreting elastic fibres

A
  • vascular smooth muscle cells
  • Chondroblasts
  • Fibroblasts
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29
Q

Cells secreting reticular fibres

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Schwann’s cells (Endoneurium)
  • Vascular smooth muscle cells
  • Hepatocytes (liver)
  • Reticular cells in the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
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30
Q

Staining of collagen fibres

A

Wish acidic dyes (Eosin) and Sirius red

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31
Q

Staining of reticular fibres

A

They have high content of sugar so they are PAS+ve (brown) and argyrophilic (with silver)

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32
Q

Staining of elastic fibres

A

Brown with orcein

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33
Q

Reticular fibres structure

A

Composed mainly of collagen type III in association with other types of collagen

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34
Q

Elastic fibres structure

A

Composed of

  • Elastin protein
  • Fibrillin (which is microfibril that forms a scaffold upon which elastin is deposited and present around and inside elastic fibres)
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35
Q

Clinical applications of elastic fibres

A

Marfan syndrome:
A defective genetic formation of fibrillin leads to lack of resistance in tissue rich in elastic fibres like aorta which becomes swollen forming an aneurysm and may rupture

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36
Q

Types of CT cells

A

Fixed cells

Transient cells

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37
Q

Fixed cells

Origin and example

A

The originate locally from undefferentiated mesenchymal cells and spend their life in the CT
Example:
-Fibroblasts
-Adipose cells
-Undefferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMC)

38
Q

Transient cells

Origin and example

A 
They come from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and travel to the CT by blood
Examples:
-Plsma cells
-Mast cells
-Macrophages
-Leucocytes
39
Q

Fibroblasts types

A

Active form :Fibroblast
Inactive form: Fibrocyte
Myofibroblast

40
Q

Fibroblast

Shape and function

A

Irregular branched cells with cytoplasmic processes
Synthesis of collagen, reticular and elastic fibres
Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins of the matrix

41
Q

Fibroblasts

LM

A

Large ovoid nucleus, pale stained with fine chromatin and a prominent nucleolus
Abundant basophilia in the cytoplasm

42
Q

Fibroblast

EM

A

Rich in rER

Well developed Golgi apparatus

43
Q

Fibrocyte

size, LM, EM

A 
SMaller than fibroblast
Spindle shapped wth fewer proceses
Smaller, elongated and darker nucleus
Nearly acidophilic cytoplasm 
Few rER
44
Q

Myofibroblast

Characteristics and function

A

Contains increased amount of actin and myosin microfilaments
Responsible for wound closure

45
Q

Cells involved in the healing of wound and formation of scar:

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Myofibroblasts
  • Pericytes
46
Q

The mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Macrophages distributed throughtout the body

47
Q

Macrophage name in liver

A

Kupffer cells

48
Q

Macrophage name in CNS

A

Microglial cells

49
Q

Macrophage name in bone tissue

A

Osteoclasts

50
Q

Macrophage name in Skin

A

Langerhan’s cells

51
Q

Macrophage name in Lymph node

A

Dendritic cells

52
Q

Macrophage name in Lungs

A

Dust cells

53
Q

Macrophage name in blood

A

Monocytes

54
Q

Macrophage name in connective tissue

A

Macrophages/Histocytes

55
Q

All cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system have the same:

A

Morphology
Cell surface receptors
Enzymes of lysozome
Are capable of phagocytosis

56
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system stains

A

By injection of vital dyes (Trypan blue or Indian ink)

57
Q

Macrophages

LM shape, cytoplasm and nucleus

A

Irregular surface with protrusions and indentations
Basophilic cytoplasm that contains many small vacuoles and dense granules
Eccentric nucleus that looks oval or kidney-shaped

58
Q

Macrophages

EM

A

Many lysozomes
Well developed Golgi
Prominent rER

59
Q

Macrophages

Function

A
  • Ingestion and digestion of foreign particles by lysozomes
  • Antigen processing and presentation
  • Destruction of old red blood cells.
  • Secretion of substances that participate in defensive function
  • Activation of the immune response
60
Q

What happenes when macrophages are activated:

A
  • Possessing more microvilli and lamellipodia
  • Exhibit more locomotion
  • Increase their capacity for phagocytosis
  • Increase in intracellular digestion
  • Enhanced lysosomal activity
  • Secretion of substances that participate in inflammation and repair (Collagenase)
61
Q

Under chronic inflammatory conditions, what happens to the macrophages?

A

Greately enlarge and become epitheliod cells or fuse to form a giant multinucleated macrophage

62
Q

Mast cells

Origin, shape, cytoplasm, nucleus

A

From stem cells in the bone marrow
Oval to rounded cells
Cytoplasm filled with basophilic corase granules
Small, spherical, centrally located nucleus which is obscured by cytoplasmic granules

63
Q

Mast cells

EM

A

Well-developed Golgi
Heterogenous membrane-bound granules
Few mitochondria
rER

64
Q

Mast cells

Stain

A

Metachromatic stain with toulidine blue

65
Q

Difference between primary and secondary mediators of inflammation

A

Primary mediators are synthesised and stored inside the mast cel while secondary mediators are synthesised and immediately released

66
Q

Primary mediators examples:

A

Heparin
Histamine
Neutral proteases
ECF-A (eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis)

67
Q

Secondary mediators examples:

A

Leukotrienes

SRS-A (Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis)

68
Q

Mast cell

Function

A

Synthesis, storage and release of chemical mediators of inflammation

69
Q

Inflammation definition

A

Localized reddness, hotness and swelling

70
Q

Histamine

Functions

A
  • Dilated blood capilaries and increases their permiability

- Causes contraction of smooth muscles (mainly bronchioles)

71
Q

Leukotrienes functions

A

Produce slow contraction of smooth muscles

72
Q

EFC-A function

A

It is anticoagulant

73
Q

Release of mast cells contents produces an allergic reaction known as

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylactic shock)

74
Q

Process of anaphylaxis

A

1-The first exposure to antigen (bee venom or tetanus antitoxin) results in production of IgE by plasma cells
2- IgE binds to the surface of mast cells
3- A second exposure to the antigen results in binding of the antigen to the IgE on the mast cell surface
4- This event triggers the release of mast cell granules liberating histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and ECF-A

75
Q

Plasma cell

Origin, shape, cytoplasm and nucleus

A

From B-lymphocytes from the bone marrow
Large ovoid cells
Basophilic cytoplasm with clear -ve Golgi image near the nucleus
Spherical, eccentric nucleus with compact corase chromatin alternating with light areas giving a cartwheel/ clock-face appearance

76
Q

Plasma cell

EM

A

Rich in rER

Well developed Golgi and centriole are present juxtanuclear

77
Q

Sites of plasma cells

A

Numerous in sites subjected to penetration by bacteria (Respiratory tract and intestine)
Areas of chronic inflammation

78
Q

Plasma cells

Function

A

Synthesis of antibodies

79
Q

Antibody defenition

A

Antibodies are specific gobulins produced in response to penetration by antigen
Each antibody is specific for one type of antigen

80
Q

Leukocytes

sites and examples

A

They migrate from blood to CT across capilaries and venules

They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophiles and lymphocytes

81
Q

CT proper examples

A

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue (regular and irregular)

82
Q

CT with special properties examples

A
  • Adipose
  • Elastic
  • Mucous
  • Reticular
  • Hematopoietic
83
Q

Supporting CT examples

A

Cartilae

Bone

84
Q

Loose (areolar) CT

sites

A
  • Fills space between fibres and muscle sheathes
  • Papillary layer of dermis and hypodermis
  • Supports epithelial tissue of serous membranes (Pleura, peritoneium, pericardium), mucous membranes and glands
  • Ensheathes the blood and lymphatic vessels
85
Q

Dense irregular CT

sites

A

Reticular layer of the dermis

Capsules of spleen, lymph nodes, liver, perichondrium and periosteum

86
Q

Dense regular CT

Sites

A

Tendons

Liagments

87
Q

Yellow elastic tissue

Sites

A
  • Ligaments of vertebral column (Ligmentum flava and ligmentum nuchae)
  • True vocal cords
  • Elastic lamina of arteries
  • Suspensory ligaments of penis
88
Q

Reticular CT

Sites

A

It forms the framework of all parenchymatous tissue:

  • Myeloid tissue (bone marrow)
  • Hematopoitic organs
  • Liver
  • Lymphoid organs (lymph node, lymph nodules, spleen)
89
Q

Mucoid CT

Sites

A
  • Umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly)
  • Pulp of young tooth
  • Vitreous humor of the eye
90
Q

Unilocular adipocyte

Sites

A

Present throughtout the human body except:

  • eyelids
  • penis
  • scrotum
  • auricle of external ear except the lobule
91
Q

Mulitlocular adipocytes

Sites

A

In hibernating animals

In human embryo and newborns in (neck, axilla and mediastinum)

Histology (5 decks)

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