Connection Types

Question 1

What does NFC stand for?

Answer 1

Near Field Communication

Question 2

What is the maximum distance communicated across by NFC?

Answer 2

About 4 inches (10 cm)

Question 3

Name three applications for NFC

Answer 3

Contactless payment
Electronic ticketing
Data transfer between devices

Question 4

NFC operates at what frequency?

Answer 4

13.56 MHz

Question 5

What are the names given to the two devices’ roles in an NFC communication?

Answer 5

Initiator device
Target device

Question 6

Why doesn’t NFC require encryption?

Answer 6

To maintain backwards compatibility with RFID tech

Question 7

What are the two communication modes in NFC?

Answer 7

Active & passive

Question 8

How does active mode differ from passive mode in NFC communication?

Answer 8

Passive: only one device is powered
Active: both devices are powered and alternate generating fields

Question 9

What is the maximum data transfer speed of NFC?

Answer 9

424 kbit/s

Question 10

How does NFC compare to Bluetooth in terms of speed and range?

Answer 10

NFC is slower (max 424 kbit/s) and has a shorter range (20 cm) compared to Bluetooth (up to 2.1 Mbit/s and 100 m range).

Question 11

What are the three NFC operation modes?

Answer 11

Peer-to-peer mode, reader/writer mode, and card emulation mode.

Question 12

What type of NFC tag is commonly used for transit and event tickets?

Answer 12

Type 2 NFC tags.

Question 13

Who introduced Bluetooth technology and when?

Answer 13

Ericsson, a Swedish telecommunications company, introduced Bluetooth in 1994 as a way to replace RS-232 cables with short-range wireless communication.

Question 14

What frequency range does Bluetooth operate in?

Answer 14

Bluetooth operates in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz.

Question 15

How does Bluetooth establish a connection between devices?

Answer 15

Bluetooth devices use radio waves to detect each other, perform a pairing process, and then create a secure, encrypted communication channel.

Question 16

What are the different Bluetooth power classes and their ranges?

Answer 16

Class 1: Up to 100 meters (used in industrial applications).
Class 2: Up to 10 meters (most common for smartphones, headphones, etc.).
Class 3: Up to 1 meter (rarely used due to its short range).

Question 17

How does Bluetooth 5.0 improve upon previous versions?

Answer 17

Bluetooth 5.0 offers 4x the range, 2x the speed, and 8x the broadcast capacity compared to Bluetooth 4.0, with lower energy consumption.

Question 18

What is Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and why is it important?

Answer 18

BLE is a low-power version of Bluetooth designed for IoT, fitness trackers, and smart home devices that need long battery life.

Question 19

What is Bluetooth Mesh, and how does it work?

Answer 19

Bluetooth Mesh enables many devices to form a self-healing, decentralized network, useful in smart cities, industrial automation, and IoT.

Question 20

How does Bluetooth avoid interference with Wi-Fi and other wireless signals?

Answer 20

Bluetooth uses Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH), which switches between 79 channels in the 2.4 GHz band to minimize interference.

Question 21

How does frequency hopping help Bluetooth security?

Answer 21

Bluetooth switches frequencies 1,600 times per second, making it difficult for attackers to intercept communications.

Question 22

Bluesnarfing

Answer 22

Bluesnarfing occurs when an attacker exploits a Bluetooth vulnerability to steal files, messages, or contacts from a victim’s device.

Question 23

Bluejacking

Answer 23

Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages (like spam) to nearby Bluetooth devices. It’s annoying but not harmful like hacking.

Question 24

Bluebugging

Answer 24

Bluebugging allows hackers to gain full control over a Bluetooth-enabled device, letting them eavesdrop, make calls, and send messages.

Question 25

How does a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack work in Bluetooth?

Answer 25

In a MITM attack, a hacker intercepts and possibly alters data being exchanged between two Bluetooth devices.

Question 26

BlueSmacking

Answer 26

BlueSmacking is a Denial of Service (DoS) attack where an attacker sends oversized data packets, causing the target device to crash.

Question 27

Car Whispering

Answer 27

Car Whispering is when hackers exploit car Bluetooth systems to listen in on conversations or inject fake audio.

Question 28

BLURtooth

Answer 28

BLURtooth allows attackers to bypass authentication, potentially gaining unauthorized access to Bluetooth devices.

Question 29

KNOB (Key Negotiation of Bluetooth)

Answer 29

KNOB forces a downgrade attack, reducing Bluetooth encryption strength so hackers can eavesdrop and manipulate data.

Question 30

BLESA (Bluetooth Low Energy Spoofing Attack)

Answer 30

BLESA exploits weak authentication in Bluetooth Low Energy, allowing attackers to inject malicious data during reconnection.

Question 31

How is Bluetooth used in smart home applications?

Answer 31

Bluetooth connects smart locks, lighting, thermostats, speakers, and security systems to automate homes.

Question 32

How does Bluetooth assist IoT (Internet of Things) devices?

Answer 32

BLE enables low-power connectivity for IoT devices like smart sensors, fitness trackers, and industrial equipment.

Question 33

What are some benefits of Bluetooth technology?

Answer 33

Low power consumption Wireless convenience (no cables) Secure communication with encryption Compatibility with a wide range of devices Fast and easy pairing

Question 34

What are some limitations of Bluetooth?

Answer 34

Short range (compared to Wi-Fi) Limited bandwidth (not suitable for high-speed data transfer) Vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks Potential battery drain on mobile devices