Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OHADM1 > Conjunctiva > Flashcards

Conjunctiva Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of discharge in conjunctival inflammation and its causes

A

Watery discharge: acute viral/ acute allergic conjunctivitis

Mucoid discharge:
chronic allergic conjunctivitis and dry eyes

Mucopurulent discharge:
Acute bacteria or chlamydial infections

Severe Purulent discharge:
Gonococcal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the types of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

acute bacterial conjunctivitis

adult chlamydial conjunctivities

Trachoma

Ophthalmia neonatorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the symptoms of acute bacterial conjunctivitis

A
  • acute onset of redness, grittiness, burning, and discharge
  • involvement usually bilateral, one eye 1-2D earlier
  • on waking, eyelids frequently stuck tgt n difficult to open
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the signs of acute bacterial conjunctivitis

A
  • diffuse conjunctival redness and intense papillary reaction over tarsal plates
  • mucopurulent discharge
  • corneal staining is common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the management of acute bacterial conjunctivitis

A
  • usually self-limiting, resolve within 5d w/o treatment
  • refer to Gp for antibiotics (eye drops/ ointment) to speed up recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the cause of adult chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

oculogenital infection caused by C.trachomatis (serotype D-K)

transmission is by autoinoculation frm gential secretions, eye-eye spread for 10% of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the signs of adult chlamydial conjunctivitis

A
  • watery or mucopurulent discharge
  • prominent large fllicles in inferior fornix
  • tender preauricular lymphadenopathy
  • peripheral subepithelia corneal infiltrates may appear 2-3 weeks after onset of conjunctivitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the mangament for adult chlamydial conjunctivitis

A
  • refer to opthalmologist for topical antibiotics therapy
  • patient will be referred to genitourinary clinic for STD investigation and treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cause of trachoma

A
  • Serotypes A-C of C. trachomatic
  • Intial infection is self-limitng and resolves without scarring, but repeated infection can lead to blindness (leading cause of preventable irreversible blindness)
  • Fly is a common vector of transmission (associated with poverty, overcrowding, poor hygiene)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mangament for trachoma

A
  • prevention by regular face washing and control of flies by spraying
  • systemic antibiotic treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cause of ophthalmia neonatorum

A

develops wiithin 2wk of birth as the result of infection transmitted frm mother to infant during delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the prophylaxis ( treatment given to prevent this) of ophthalmia neonatorum

A

Povidone- iodine 2.5%, single application at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What the mangaement of ophthalmia neonatorum

A
  • oral, intravenous and topical ointment antibiotic
  • if chlamydial/ gonorrhoea is confirmed, parents n partners must be investigated n treated by genitourinary specialist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two causes of viral conjunctivitis

A

Adenoviral conjunctivitis

Molluscum contagiosum conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis occur in epidemics in hospitals, schools and factories?

A

As the spread of infection is by the ability of virus to survive on dry surfaces, and the fact that viral shedding occurs 4-10 days before the clinical disease is apparent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the signs of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • Watery discharge, redness. and photophobia
  • becomes bilateral 1-2 days later
  • eyelid oedema
  • tedner pre-auricular lymphadenopathy
  • Keratitis is characterised by epithelial microcysts, punctate epithelial keratitis and subepithelial/ anterior stromal infiltrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the mangament for adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • refer to ophthalmologist/ GP
  • treat conjunctivitis symptomatically w artifical tears and cold compresses until spontaneous resolution in 3wks
  • For keratitis, refer to ophthalmologist fortopical steroidal traetment (supresses corneal inflammation only)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the cause of molluscum contagiosum conjunctivitis

A

Molluscum contagiosum conjunctivitis at lid margin shed poxvirus to cause conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the signs of molluscum contagiosum conjunctivitis

A
  • presence of molluscum contagiosum
  • follicular conjunctivitis and mild musucs discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the mangament of molluscum contagiosum conjunctivitis

A
  • lesions are self-limiting and removal of lesion only necessary for cosmetic reasons or secondary conjunctivitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the types of allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • acute allergic conjunctivitis

Seasonal/ perennial allergic conjunctivitis

Atopic conjunctivitis

vernal conjunctivitis

Giant papillary conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is atopy

A

genetically determined predisposition to hypersensitivity reactions upon exposure to specfic environmental antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the presentation of acute allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • acute itchin, watering and sever chemosis (swelling of eyelid tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the cause of acute allergic conjunctivitis

A

reaction to environmental allergen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the mangement of acute allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • treatment usually not required
  • resolves within hours
  • Cool compress and 0.1% adrenaline may reduce severe chemosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the cause of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (hay fever eyes)

A

onset during spring and summer dur to freq. allergens including trees and grass pollens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the cause of Perennial allergic conjunctivtis

A
  • throughout the year, exacertbation in the autumn when exposed to house dust mites, animal dander and fungal allergens
28
Q

What is the difference of perennial vs seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

timing of exacerbations due to the different stimulating allergens in each

29
Q

what is the presentation of seasonal/ perennial allergic conjunctivitis

A

redness, watering, itching, associated with sneezing and nasal discharge

30
Q

What are the signgs of seasonal/ perennial allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • lid oedema
  • chemosis and mild papillary reaction
  • conjunctival hyperaemia
31
Q

What is the management for seasonal/ perennial allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • artifical tears for mild symptoms
  • mast cell stabilisers
  • topical antihistamines for symptomatic relief
  • refer for severe symptoms (oral antihistamines that may cause drowsiness)
  • steroidal therapy
32
Q

What is the most common group of vernal keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • VKC is a bilateralm recurrent disorde that primarilly affects boys from age 5 onwards, 95% remit by late teens, while remainder mainly develop atopic keratoconjunctivitis
33
Q

What are the symptoms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • intense itching, lacrimation, photophobia, foregin body sensation, burning and thick mucoid discharge
  • increased blinking is common
34
Q

What is the classification of vernal keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • palpebral disease (upper tarsal conjunctiva, significant cornea disease)
  • limbal disease (affect black/ asian patients)
  • Mixed (both limbal and palpebral)
35
Q

What are th signs of palpebral disease in VKC

A
  • conjunctival hyperaemia
  • diffuse papillary hypertrophy of superior tarsus
  • macro/ giant papillae with mucus deposition
36
Q

What are the signs of limbal disease in VKC

A
  • gelatinous papillae on limbal conjunctiva that may apically located white cellular colletions
  • more sever in tropical regions
37
Q

What is the keratopathy in VKC

A
  • punctate epithelial erosions, epithelial macroerosions, ulcers
38
Q

What is the cause of atopic keratoconjunctivitis

A

develops in young adults following a long history of ezema

39
Q

What are the signs of atopic keratoconjunctivitis

A

eyelids: erythma, dryness, scaliness and thickening

conjunctiva: papillary conjunctivitis where giant papillae may develope with time

cornea: punctate epithelial erosions over inferior third of cornea are common

40
Q

What is the mangament of atopic/ vernal keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • avoid allergen, do compresses, lid hygiene
  • refer to ophthalmologist
  • mast cell stabilisers reduce freq. of exacerbations
  • antihistamines for acute exacerbations, not for long term use
  • steroidal therapy for severe exacerbations of conjunctivitis and significant keratopathy
  • immune modulators
41
Q

What is the cause of giant papillary conjunctivitis

A

associated w/ a variety of mechanical stimuli of the tarsal conjunctiva

42
Q

What are the symptoms of giant papillary conjunctivitis

A
  • foreign body sensation
  • redness
  • itching
  • blurring
  • loss of contact lens tolerance
43
Q

What are the signs of giant papillary conjunctivitis

A
  • excessive mobility of contact lens with upper lid attachment
  • increased muscus production and coating of CL
  • micropapillae and eventual macropapillae on superior tarsal conjunctiva
44
Q

What is the management of giant papillary conjunctivitis

A
  • removal of stimulus aka stopping lens wear
  • ensure effective cleaning of CL or prosthesis (daily lenses/ rigid lens wear)

Treatment
- non- preserved mast cell stabilisers for soft lens users
- antihistamines, topical steroids, NSAIDs, combination drugs may be beneficial

45
Q

name the types of degenerations of the conjunctiva

A
  • pinguecula
  • pterygium
  • concretions
  • retention cysts
46
Q

What are the signs of pinguecula

A

yellow- white deposits on the bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the nasal or temporal limbus

47
Q

what is the managment of pinguecula

A
  • monitor with artifical tears if patient is symptomatic due to tear film evaporation form uneven conjunctiva
  • refer for steroidal treatment if it become acutely inflamed (pingueculitis)
48
Q

What is pterygium and in which type of condition is it mostly seen

A

Triangular fibrovascular subepithelial ingrowth of degenerative bulbar conjunctival tissue over the limbus onto the cornea

develops in hot climates, represent response to chronic surface dryness and UV exposure

49
Q

What are the clinical features of pterygium

A

Type 1: extends less than 2mm onto cornea
Type 2: Involve up to 4mm of the cornea
Type 3: invade more than 4mm of cornea and involve visual axis

50
Q

What is the managment of pterygium

A
  • artifical tears for symptomatic relief
  • refer for topical steroid inflammation, if any
  • advise sunglasses wear to decrease UV exposure and growth
  • refer for surgical excision for type 2 n 3 lesions
51
Q

What are the signs of concretions (associated with aging)

A

Small, often multiple yellow-white deposits most commonly seen in the inferior tarsal and forniceal conjunctiva

52
Q

What is the managment for concretions

A
  • treatment no necessary if asymptomatic
  • refer for removal if a large concretion erodes thorugh epithelium and cuase irritation
53
Q

What are retention cysts

A

Thin walled lesion containing clear fluid or occasionally turbid fluid

54
Q

What is the management of retention cysts

A

Simple puncture with needle if necessary

55
Q

Name the benigh lesion/ tumours

A

Lesion:
- epithelial melanosis

Tumours”
- conjunctival naevous
- conjunctival papilloma

56
Q

What is conjunctival epithelial melanosis

A

benign condition due to increased melanin production often seen in dark skinnes individuals

Presentation is during first few years of life and melanosis becomes static by early childhood

57
Q

What are the signs of conjunctival naevus

A
  • solitary unilateral, discrete, slightly elevated pigmented, intraepithelial bulbar lesion, most freq in the juxtalimbal area
  • children and adolescents, lesion may become pink n congested
58
Q

What are the causes of conjunctival papilloma

A

infections with human papillomavrius (HPV)

may occur by mother to infant transmission at birth thourgh infected birth canal

59
Q

What are the signs of conjunctival papilloma

A

sessile or predunculated lesions freq. located in the juxtalimbal area, caruncle or fornix

60
Q

What is the mangement of conjunctival papilloma

A
  • small lesions may not require treatment as often resolve spontaneously
  • refer large lesions for exicision biopsy or cryotheraphy
61
Q

Name the malignant/ premaglignan epibulbar tumours

A

Primary acquired melanosis (PAM)

Melanoma

62
Q

what is the group that will usually get primary acquired melanosis

A

white individuals with pale skin

after 45 years of age

63
Q

What are the signs of primary acquired melanosis

A

Irregular, unifocal or multifocal areas of flat, golden brown- dark chocolate pigmentation which may involve any part of the conjunctiva

64
Q

What is the mangament of primary acquired melanosis

A

refer patients with suspected lesions for biopsy and investigations

65
Q

What is the classification of melanoma

A
  • Melonoma arising from PAM with atypia (75%)
  • melanoma arising from pre-exisiting naevus (20%)
  • Primary melanoma (least common)
66
Q

What are the signs of melanoma

A
  • melanoma arising from a pre-existing naevus: black or grey nodule containg dilated feeder vessels often at limbus, which may become fixed to episclera
  • amelanotic tumours are pink and have a characteritic, smooth, fish-flesh appearance
67
Q

What is the managment of melanoma

A

refer urgently as mortaility rate is 12% at 5 yr and 25% at 10 yrs

OHADM1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions