Conjunctions [Butte.edu] Flashcards
Conjunctions part 1
CONJUNCTIONS
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Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses.
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The three different types of conjunctions indicate different relationships between the elements joined.
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“Coordinating conjunctions” link elements of equal value.
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“Correlative conjunctions” are used in pairs to establish a specific relationship between elements of equal value.
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“Subordinating conjunctions” indicate that one element is of lesser value (subordinate) to another element.
Conjunctions part 2
1.Use a coordinating conjunction to connect elements (words, phrases, or clauses) of equal grammatical value.
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●There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English:
and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
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(Note: These are often remembered with the acronym FANBOYS.)
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●Coordinating conjunctions link equal elements.
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-Swimming “and” reading are my two favorite summer activities.
(Swimming and reading are both subjects in the sentence.)
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-Please place the papers on top of the desk “or” in the drawer.
(On top of the deskandin the drawerare both prepositional phrases.)
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-She wanted to drive the car, “but” she had never received her license.
(“She wanted to drive the car” and “she had never received her license” are both independent clauses.)
Conjunctions part 3
2.Use correlative conjunctions in pairs to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical value.
Correct use of these conjunctions is critical in achieving parallelism in sentence structure
(see TIP Sheet on “Achieving Parallelism”).
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●Correlative conjunctions always come in pairs:
as…as
both…and
not only…but also
either…or
neither…nor
whether…or
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●Make sure that the grammatical structure following the second half of the pair is the same as that following the first half.
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-You must decide “either” to fly “or” to drive.
(The elements to “fly” and “to drive” are both infinitives.)
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-Contrary to my plans, I spent much of my vacation “both” correcting papers “and” contacting students.
(The elements “correcting papers” and “contacting students” are both participial phrases.)
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-I hope “not only” that you will attend the play, “but also” that you will stay for the cast party afterwards.
(The elements
“that you will attend the play” and
“that you will stay for the cast party afterwards”
are both subordinate clauses.)
Conjunctions part 4
3.Use a subordinating conjunction to connect a subordinate (dependent) clause to an independent clause.
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●Common subordinating conjunctions include the following:
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after (even though) than
whenever although if
that where as
(in order that) though whereas
(as if) (rather than) unless
wherever because since
until whether before
so that when while
(Note: Some of the words listed can serve as different parts of speech, depending on how they are used.)
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●A subordinating conjunction indicates that the dependent clause is not complete without an attached independent clause.
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-“If” you finish your homework, you will be prepared for the test.
(“If you finish your homework”by itself is an incomplete thought.)
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-I lose myself in the music “whenever” I practice the piano.
(“Whenever I practice the piano” by itself is an incomplete thought.)
Conjunctions part 5
4.Conjunctive adverbs (sometimes called adverbial conjunctions) are used to indicate a relationship between sentences and independent clauses.
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●Common conjunctive adverbs include the following:
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however therefore
moreover nevertheless
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●When a conjunctive adverb appears at the beginning or in the middle of an independent clause, it is usually set off by commas.
When a conjunctive adverb introduces a second clause within a sentence, a semicolon precedes it and a comma follows it.
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-Carrot cake is very tasty.
“Moreover”, the carrots make it a (“healthy”) choice for dessert.
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-I realize you were busy.
It is unfortunate, “however”, that you missed that phone call.
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-The hurricane has lessened in intensity; “nevertheless”, we are evacuating in an hour.
