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2. London > Conjunctions and Useful Words > Flashcards

Conjunctions and Useful Words Flashcards

1
Q 
Somewhere
Someone 
Something
Sometime
Somehow
A 
哪儿
谁
什么
什么时候
怎么
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2
Q

Everyone
Everything/Anything
Any way/Any means
Everywhere/Anywhere

A

谁 + 都
什么 + 都
怎么 + 都
哪儿 + 都

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3
Q

Certainly

A

一定

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4
Q

那

A

Used as a conjunction 那 indicates the result or judgement of something said previously. Often translatable as “then/in that case”.

A: 我不想去看电影
B: 那我也不去了

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5
Q

Not necessarily, need not

A

不必（bu2 bi4)

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6
Q

Regardless of, no matter (often adding “what”)

A

不管 （bu4 guan3)

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7
Q

since/as/this being the case

A

既然 (ji4 ran2)

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8
Q

In future

A

将来

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9
Q

Afterwards

2 versions

A
  1. 以后. Can be used to refer to past or future actions. It means afterwards but with an implication of “ever since then”. It can come at the beginning of a sentence or after a clause to express the meaning of after (whatever has come before).
    这件事等以后再谈吧 (We will discuss this matter later)
    以后怎么样我就不知道 (As for what happened afterwards, I don’t know)
    2.后来 Can be used to refer to past actions only. It has an implication of “then/subsequently”. Can only be used at the beginning of a clause.
    后来怎么样我就不知道了 (As for what happened afterwards, I don’t know)
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10
Q

Somewhat/to some extent

A

有所

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11
Q

Two different ways of saying always (and other use)

A

总是 Straightforwardly means always. Comes across a bit more gently.
从来 Means “all along”. More frequently used in the negative to me “never”. Two versions of never:
1) 从来不 - Never and won’t
2) 从来没 - Never but that might change (haven’t yet)

我总是看他喝咖啡，从来没看过他喝茶。
我从来都是喜欢喝咖啡的。

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12
Q

Suitable / appropriate (2 ways)

A

合适 （adjective）
适合 （verb)
这份工作非常适合你，你应该申请shen qing:apply。
这样做是不太合适的。

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13
Q

One more year

A

多一年

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14
Q

More than a year

A

一年多

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15
Q

In reality/In practice

also: real, reality

A

实际上

(real = 实际的
reality = 实际）
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16
Q

In theory

A

理论上

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17
Q

Basically

A

基本上

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18
Q

In (my) opinion

A

在（我）看来

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19
Q

It depends on

A

得看 / 要看 / 要靠

得看 tends to be used with a question. So you put the question, then 得看 and whatever the answer is dependent on. 我明天能不能去得看天气怎么样 (whether or not I can go tomorrow depends on the weather)

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20
Q

It’s possible that… / Perhaps…

A

说不定 (adverb)
This expresses possibility or predicts that something might happen. There is not positive (shuo de ding) form.

我想将来说不定会有 ‘加州烤鸭’ (I think that perhaps in future there will be ‘London Roast Duck’)
他说不定已经回家了 (It’s possible he has already returned home)

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21
Q

talk as if….

A

说得好像是。。。
（e.g. talk as if Chinese was easy to learn)
中文老师把中文说得好像是一件很容易的事。

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22
Q

result / as a result

A

结果

Used as both a noun and a conjunction. E.g.
他每天吃一大块牛肉，结果得了心脏病。

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23
Q

According to/it is said

A

据说

If you are specifying who/what it is according to, that person/thing goes in the middle of the phrase (without this element the direct translation is “it is said that….”):
据认识她的人说，她是个骗子 （according to those who know her, she is a liar)

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24
Q

Furthermore （3 options）

A

而且
并且
再说

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25
Q

But (5 ways, and differences)

And 2 ways of saying ‘on the contrary’

A

但是
可是
却 (least strong, and can be used in conjuncton with the other two - it is an adverb only and generally only used in later clause of a sentence to negate/contradict the early part - i.e. translate as ‘however’)

You can also use 不过 to mean but, in the sense of nevertheless - it comes before a verb.

然而 also means but (more formal?)

On the contrary - 到 or 反而

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26
Q

How do you say repeat (i.e. the ‘re’ in re-write, redo, etc)

A

Repeat = 重复 (chongfu)
You can use 重 and 复 separately as prefixes to mean ‘ re’ with slightly different meanings:

重: To do something again, without necessarily intending to have done it again, e.g. this is wrong, rewrite it. 重做、重写

复: To do something again because that is the plan, e.g. do the next exam in the sequence (use chong in this case and you mean that you failed and need to repeat it). 复试、复查

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27
Q

Never

and

Have never

A

从来不 + V
【我中午从来不睡觉 - - I never sleep at noon】

从来没 + V/A + 过
【他爸爸妈妈从来没这么高兴过 - - has mother and father have never been so happy】

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28
Q

Time phrase - he’s only been here for a month

A

他刚来一个月 (literally - he just came a month ago)

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29
Q

With regards to…/In terms of… (e.g. with regards to hobbies, I’m more like my mother)

A

在。。。上

在爱好上，我更像我妈妈。

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30
Q

What word means to believe something (but wrongly)

A

以为

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31
Q

certain/certainly/affirmative

A

肯定: certain, certainly (before verb/adjective), with 的affirmative
certain：我能肯定，他一定会来
certainly： 运动对身体健康肯定有好处
affirmative：他的回答是肯定的

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32
Q

Unexpectedly

A

竟然 (adverb)

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33
Q

How do you use ‘worth’ in a sentence:

  • It’s not worth it
  • it’s worth $X
  • It’s worth considering
A

Use 值【得】：

  • It’s not worth it： 不值【得】
  • it’s worth $X：值 x 快
  • It’s worth considering：是值得考虑的
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34
Q

How do you say ‘among them’/’of’(and ‘in the middle of)’ (two ways)

A

1) 其中：
我们不仅要回读书，还要会选择其中的好书来读 (Not only do we have to read books, but we also need to know how to choose the good ones among them to read)

2) 当中：
Group / Process + 当中
你 是 我 所有 朋友 当中 最 聪明 的 一 个。Of all of my friends, you are the smartest one.
这 个 工程 还在 计划 当中。This engineering project is still in the planning stage.

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35
Q

Often

A

往往 (with more a meaning of ‘usually’,)
经常
常

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36
Q

Uses of 通过 and 经过 (3 each)

A

通过：

1) Pass through: 这条街只能步行通过。
2) To pass (e.g. exam): 我通过那家公司的面试了。
3) Through: 任何成功都要通过努力才能得到。

经过：

1) Pass by: 我正好经过这儿，顺便过来看看你。
2) The whole story: 小王把事情的经过告诉我了。
3) After having gone through: 经过一次次失败之后，他终于成功了。

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37
Q

How do you say ‘only’ if modifying a verb (we only talked about….)

A

不过

我们不过谈了点儿工作方面的问题，别的都没谈。

38
Q

And (5 ways and differences)

A

和 - linking two clauses

给 - where we would use and to mean for e.g. talking together on the phone

与

而

并 / 并且 - to link two clauses meaning ‘furthermore’/’moreover’ - has to introduce (although not necessarily directly proceed, another verb)

39
Q

Unusual

A

不平常

40
Q

（doesn’t) mean(s)/represent

A

【不】代表

41
Q

Three different ways of saying etc

A

等 / 等等 (literally to say etc, use one if in the middle of a sentence, both at the end)

什么的 (also quite literal at the end of a non exhaustive list (of nouns))

之类的 + category (means, and things like that - so you normally specify what the that is: 你 喜欢《星球大战》之类的 电影 吗 ？)

42
Q

Really want (to describe a strong wish that is unlikely to become reality)

A

恨不得 (adverb, which comes before the verb, and should be followed by a positive rather than negative verb construction)

我太忙了，我恨不得一天有四十八个小时

43
Q

To a certain/great extent

A

某种程度

很大程度

在某种程度上，英国与美国有一些不一样的看法。
在某种程度上，自新冠病毒以来，武汉变得越来越重要了。

44
Q

Not to mention

A

别说

45
Q

Honestly

A

老师说

46
Q

No wonder

A

难怪
Used as ‘no wonder’ it translates fairly directly. You can also use the sentence pattern:
原来。。。难怪。。。
to mean because/so…no wonder…
原来你是中国人，难怪你中文说得那么好 (You are Chinese, no wonder you speak Chinese so well)

47
Q

So far/until now/to this day

A

至今

48
Q

While (as in, taking the opportunity to do something)

A

趁着 (chen zhe)

我趁着到中国学中文的机会买了很多中国东西 （While studying Chinese in China I used the opportunity to buy lots of Chinese things)

49
Q

Everywhere

A

到处都。。。

到处都是人山人海 （There are people everywhere)

50
Q

Didn’t expect

A

没想到。。。【竟然。。。】

我没想到他竟然会骗我 （I didn’t expect that he would cheat me)
N.B. The jingran is used for emphasis in the subordinate clause.

51
Q

To follow (in a was that shows a new situation is evolving as an existing one evolves)

A

随着

随着年龄的增长，我渐渐认识到家庭的重要 (As I frow older I gradually realise the importance of family)

52
Q

During

A

在。。。时

53
Q

Once (as in, was once, did once, using an adverb)

A

曾经

杭州曾经是南宋的都成 (Hangzhou was once the capital of Nan Song)
我曾经去过香港，可是我姐姐没去过 (I have been to Hong Kong, but my sister has not)

54
Q

After (as in, after a few months…)

A

。。。下来

几个月下来，就是一个新样子。

55
Q

Since (with 之后）

A

【从】。。。之后

我从看了那本书之后，改变了对中国的看法

56
Q

Not until

A

到。。。才 + verb

我到昨天才知道他原来是日本人

57
Q

Between two parties（formal）

A

A 与 B 之间

58
Q

Up until

A

一直到。。。才

那本书我一直到今年下完。

59
Q

From amongst

A

从。。。中

每年我都从薪水中拿出一部分的钱帮助穷人。

60
Q

Anyway, anyhow, in any case

A

反正

不管你怎么说她好，反正我不喜欢她。

61
Q

The moment (as in, the moment something happened)

A

在。。。的一刹那 (yi cha na)

李红在知道自己怀孕的一刹那。。。 (in the moment she found out she was pregnant…)

62
Q

To do something first and put other things off until later

A

先。。。再说

你别急着出去玩，先把功课做完了再说。

63
Q

To apply to / be suitable for…

A

适用于。。。

请问，外交豁免权适用于什么情况？（excuse me, who does diplomatic immunity apply to?)
民主是否适用于所有的国家呢？

64
Q

Since a long time ago

A

长期以来…

65
Q

As far as X is concerned / with regard to / in terms of

A

就。。。而言

就中国现阶段的社会而言，达到共同富裕是非常不容易的事。英国达到了吗？

66
Q

Broadly speaking….

A

概括而言。。。

67
Q

A lot/plenty

A

有的是

Either： S + 有的是 + N
Or： N + S + 有的是

他 爸 是 大 老板 ，有的是 钱 。（His dad is a big boss. He’s got plenty of money.）
上海 这么 大 的 城市 ，工作 机会 有的是 。（Shanghai is such a big city. It’s got plenty of job opportunities.）

68
Q

It seems

A

看来 + perspective

看来 你 玩 得 不 高兴，怎么 这么 早 就 回来 了？(It seems you didn’t have a good time. Why did you come back so early?)

(N.B. Do not confuse with 看起来 which means ‘it looks like’ or 在我看来 which means ‘from my perspective’)

69
Q

Almost (did something/didn’t so something) - negative meaning

A

差点

Subj. + 差点 (+ 没) + Verb Phrase
The 没 can be dropped if the thing that didn’t happen is an undesired result.

他 差点 没 通过 考试。(He did pass it, but almost didn’t.)
这个 地方 太 大 了，我 走 了 很 久，差点儿 没 累 死。

70
Q

Anyway

A

反正

不管 你 信 不 信 ，反正 我 信 。（No matter whether you believe this or not, I believe it anyway.）
反正 我 家 够 大，你们 今晚 都 住 这儿 吧。（My house is big enough, you can all stay here tonight.）

71
Q

As much as possible / to the greatest extent possible / as far as possible

A

尽量 (adverb)

我 会 尽量 想 办法 帮 你 的。（I will try my best to figure out something to help you.）
我们 要 尽量 满足 客户 的 需求 。（We have to try our best to meet the client’s needs.）

72
Q

Feel free

A

尽管

有 什么 问题 尽管 问 。Feel free to ask if you have any questions.

73
Q

Just (with the connotation ‘might as well’ or ‘simply’ - just buy a new one!)

A

干脆

既然 学 不好 ，干脆 别 学 了 。（Since you can’t learn it, just stop studying.）
现在 每天 都 要 戴 口罩 ，干脆 不 要 出门 了。（Now that we have to wear a mask every day, I simply don’t want to go out.）

74
Q

Since then

A

从 那 以后

75
Q

Once (as in, once did something, once upon a time or, sometimes translated as ‘ever’ - have you ever)

A

曾经

This is normally used in sentences with 过 or 了, but if used to talk about past possession or existence (I once had, he was once my boss, there was once a school here) these are not needed.

他 说 他 曾经 做 过 很多 傻事 。
为了 找 亲生 父母 ，她 曾经 花 了 很 多 钱 。
这里 曾经 是 一个 学校 。

76
Q

In vain / to no effect

A

白【白】 + verb + 了

明天 不 考 中文， 小王 白白 准备 了 一 天。（There’s no Chinese test tomorrow. Little Wang spent the whole day studying in vain.）
他 不 回来 吃饭 了？！我 这些 菜 白 做了。（He’s not coming back to eat?! I made all this food for nothing.）

N.B. You can also use without the 了 in order to modify a verb - but you need to add 地 between the 白 and verb.

77
Q

While you’re at it

And by the way

A

顺便

Subj. + Verb Phrase 1, 顺便 + Verb Phrase 2

老板 去 见 客户，顺便 吃 了 午饭。The boss went to see the client and also ate lunch while he was at it.

Colloquially you can also do:
顺便说一下, by the way…. (statement)
顺便问一下, by the way…. (question)

78
Q

Why should / there is no need (i.e. why would you do that to her = there is no need to do that to her)

A

何必

79
Q

It is self evident / goes without saying

A

不言而喻

80
Q

Since (a previous event)

A

以来

81
Q

‘and then’

A

于是

于是 is a conjunction that comes between two clauses often used in storytelling because one clause leads to another. Its closest English equivalent would be “and then.” (Although it often seems to resemble ‘so’ or ‘so then’) Since 于是 can only be used to talk about the past, 了 is often used in the same sentence.

昨天 突然 下雨 了 ，于是 我们 取消 了 野餐 的 计划 。

82
Q

Each other

A

彼此

我们 只 见 过 一 次 ，彼此 不 是 很 了解 。We’ve only met once. We don’t know each other well.
我们 是 一个 团队 ，彼此 应该 多 沟通 。We’re a team. We should communicate more.

83
Q

On the basis of / by virtue of / on the grounds of

A

凭 （ping)

凭 护照， 外国 人 可以 买 火车 票。Using a passport, foreigners can buy train tickets.
他 只 凭 歌声 就 能 听出 是 谁 唱 的。He could tell who was singing just by the sound of the song.
你 凭什么 怪 我！On what grounds are you blaming me?

84
Q

Take advantage of / while

A

趁
趁 + situation/opportunity

趁 打折 ，我 买 了 新 手机。
妹妹 经常 趁 我 不 在家 的时候 ，玩 我 的 电脑。

85
Q

If it were not for

A

要不是。。。【的话】。。。

要不是 你，我 会 迷路。If it weren’t for you, I would get lost.
要不是 你 这么 忙，我们 早就 见面 了。If you hadn’t been so busy, we’d have met long ago.

86
Q

Thanks to (simple pattern, then with a good outcome, then avoiding a bad outcome)

A

多亏

1） [Good Outcome] ，多亏 (了) + [Lucky Incident]
我 能 这么 快 做完 ，多亏 了 你 帮 我 。I was able to finish so quickly thanks to your help.

2） 多亏 (了) + [Lucky Incident] ，Subj. 才 + [Good Outcome]
多亏 了 你 开车 送 我 ，我 才 没 迟到 。Thanks to your ride, I’m not late to get here.

3） 多亏 (了) + [Lucky Incident] ，不然 + [Bad Outcome]
多亏 了 你 的 建议 ，不然 我 真 不 知道 怎么 办 。
It was a good thing you gave me that suggestion, otherwise I really wouldn’t have known what to do.

87
Q

That’s all

A

而已
Put this after a noun or phrase to expressing ‘that’s it’ or ‘that’s all’ - that something is what it is.

只 是 电视剧 而已，现实 中 可 没有 这样 的 事儿。It’s just a TV series. There is no such thing in reality.

他 只 是 开 个 玩笑 而已，不 要 当 真。He’s only joking; don’t take it seriously.

88
Q

Hard to blame

A

难怪 (used as a verb rather than meaning ‘ no wonder’). You add the specific person or people who are not to blame directly after

难怪 他，他 还 是 个 孩子 呢，什么 都 不 懂。Don’t blame him, he’s just a child. He doesn’t know any better.
这 也 难怪，他 刚 来 嘛 ， 算了 算了 。Don’t blame him. He just got here, let’s just forget about it.

89
Q

Only if

A

除非

90
Q

所在

A

Place or location - comes after a noun

91
Q

In the end

A

说到底

92
Q

What if…

A

万一。。。

2. London (11 decks)

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