Congress

Question 1

Key word:

What does tyranny mean?

Answer 1

Cruel and oppressive government rule, where a leader or group has absolute power without regard for laws or individual rights.

Question 2

Key word:

What does bicameral mean?

Answer 2

A system of government in which the legislature is divided into two separate chambers or houses, like the Senate and House of Representatives in the U.S.

Question 3

Key word:

What does popular sovereignty mean?

Answer 3

The principle that the authority of the government comes from the consent of the people, who elect their leaders.

Question 4

Key word:

What does incumbent mean?

Answer 4

A person currently holding a specific office or position, especially in politics.

Question 5

Key word:

What does census mean?

Answer 5

A systematic process of counting the population, often used to determine the allocation of resources and political representation.

Question 6

Key word:

What does commerce clause mean?

Answer 6

A section of the U.S. Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate trade between states and with foreign nations.

Question 7

Key word:

What does subpoena mean?

Answer 7

A legal order requiring someone to appear in court or produce evidence.

Question 8

Key word:

What does pigeon-holding mean?

Answer 8

The act of putting a bill or proposal aside and not allowing it to be discussed or voted on, often done by committee members.

Question 9

Key word:

What does filibuster mean?

Answer 9

A tactic used in the Senate to delay or prevent a vote on a bill by making long speeches or taking other actions to extend debate.

Question 10

Key word:

What does closure motion mean?

Answer 10

A motion to end a filibuster or bring an end to debate in the Senate, allowing a vote to take place.

Question 11

Key word:

What does partisanship mean?

Answer 11

Strong loyalty to a political party, often leading to bias or conflict with other parties.

Question 12

Key word:

What does pocket veto mean?

Answer 12

The president’s power to indirectly veto a bill by not signing it into law within 10 days while Congress is adjourned.

Question 13

Key word:

What does veto mean?

Answer 13

The president’s constitutional right to reject a bill passed by Congress.

Question 14

Key word:

What does unanimous consent mean?

Answer 14

An agreement in which all members of a group or legislature consent to a decision or action without objection.

Question 15

Key word:

What does functional representation mean?

Answer 15

A system where members of a legislative body represent specific groups or interests, rather than geographic areas.

Question 16

Key word:

What does majority-minority consent?

Answer 16

A congressional district created to ensure that a racial or ethnic minority group makes up the majority of the voters, aiming to increase their political representation.

Question 17

Key word:

What does congressional caucus mean?

Answer 17

A group of members of Congress who share common interests or goals, often based on party affiliation or specific issues.

Question 18

Key word:

What does oversight mean?

Answer 18

The process by which Congress reviews and monitors the actions of the executive branch, agencies, and other government entities to ensure they are operating within the law.

Question 19

Key word:

What does deference mean?

Answer 19

Respectful submission or yielding to the authority or judgment of others, often referring to the judiciary deferring to the legislative or executive branches.

Question 20

The structure of Congress:

How is the membership of Congress significant? e.g. representation of diverse interests (use two examples)

Answer 20

2020 Congressional Elections and Demographic Representation:

The 2020 Congressional elections saw an increase in the number of women, people of color, and younger representatives being elected. This reflected a growing shift toward more diverse representation, aligning with the changing demographic makeup of the U.S. The diversity in the House of Representatives and the Senate made Congress more representative of the population’s varied interests, including social justice issues, healthcare reform, and climate change. These changes showed how a diverse membership in Congress can influence legislation on important social issues. By having more diverse voices in Congress, policy priorities that directly affect historically marginalized groups are more likely to be considered.

Increase in Progressive Members in the House (2018):

After the 2018 midterm elections, a wave of progressive Democrats, including figures like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, were elected to the House of Representatives. These members brought new perspectives on issues like healthcare reform (Medicare for All), Green New Deal proposals, and social equity. Their presence changed the legislative agenda, pushing Congress to take more progressive stances on issues traditionally dominated by more moderate or conservative members. Their election demonstrated how membership composition can shift the direction of congressional priorities, influencing policy and public discourse.

Question 21

The structure of Congress:

How is the membership of Congress significant? e.g. policy shaping through party affiliation (use two examples)

Answer 21

2020 Presidential Election and the Role of Congress:

Following the 2020 presidential election, Congress played a pivotal role in certifying the electoral results. Republican and Democratic members of Congress had vastly different approaches to the certification process, reflecting the broader partisan divisions in the country. The House of Representatives and Senate became the battleground for party loyalty, as some Republicans contested the election results despite no evidence of widespread fraud. The membership’s party affiliation significantly influenced how the certification of the election was approached, demonstrating how party membership in Congress shapes the interpretation and implementation of national policy.

The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act:

In 2017, the Republican-controlled Congress passed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, a major piece of tax reform legislation aimed at cutting corporate taxes and reducing individual tax rates. The bill’s passage was largely driven by the Republican majority in Congress and their policy priorities of reducing taxes, especially for businesses. Despite opposition from Democrats, the Republican membership in Congress ensured that this tax reform would pass, showing how the partisan makeup of Congress directly influences the policy outcome and reflects the ideological stance of the party in power.

Question 22

The structure of Congress:

How is the membership of Congress not significant? e.g. ability to influence law-making (use two examples)

Answer 22

Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi’s Leadership (2019-2021):

Nancy Pelosi, as the Speaker of the House from 2019 to 2021, wielded significant influence in shaping the legislative agenda. Her seniority and position allowed her to steer key pieces of legislation such as COVID-19 relief packages, impeachment articles, and various economic recovery bills. She was able to marshal support within the Democratic caucus, showing how seniority and leadership positions in Congress can significantly influence lawmaking and policy direction. Her role demonstrated how membership, especially leadership positions, can shape the national legislative agenda.

Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell’s Role in Judicial Appointments:

Mitch McConnell, as Senate Majority Leader during Trump’s presidency, played a pivotal role in confirming three conservative justices to the Supreme Court. His control over the Senate’s judicial confirmation process allowed him to shape the ideological makeup of the judiciary for decades to come. McConnell’s leadership demonstrated the power that seniority and party control in Congress have on influencing important national issues like judicial appointments. His strategic actions underscore the significance of Congressional membership in shaping long-term policies beyond just passing laws.

Question 23

The structure of Congress:

How is the membership of Congress not significant? e.g. partisanship leading to gridlock (use two examples)

Answer 23

Failure to Pass Comprehensive Immigration Reform (2013-2021):

Immigration reform has been a topic of debate in Congress for years, but partisan gridlock has prevented any substantial action. For instance, in 2013, a bipartisan group in the Senate passed a comprehensive immigration reform bill, but it failed to pass in the House of Representatives because of Republican opposition. Despite public demand for reform, the ideological divide in Congress meant that no meaningful immigration legislation passed over the years. The composition of Congress and the deep partisan divides between Republicans and Democrats prevented any compromise on immigration reform, leading to inaction on a key issue. This gridlock shows how membership divisions based on party lines can often lead to inefficiency and legislative paralysis.

Failed Infrastructure Deal in 2021:

Despite significant bipartisan support for infrastructure improvements in 2021, Congress struggled to pass a comprehensive infrastructure package due to partisan disagreements. The Republican opposition in the Senate, along with opposition from some more progressive Democrats, delayed and diluted the package to the point where it did not fully address the nation’s infrastructure needs. The legislative gridlock demonstrated how, despite a broad public desire for action, Congress’s membership and partisan divisions can often lead to ineffective policy-making.

Question 24

The structure of Congress:

How is the membership of Congress not significant? e.g. influence of special interests and lobbying (use two examples)

Answer 24

Gun Control Legislation Failure (2021):

Despite the 2021 mass shooting events, such as those in Colorado and Georgia, Congress struggled to pass meaningful gun control legislation. The presence of well-funded lobbying groups like the National Rifle Association (NRA), combined with the close ties between many members of Congress and gun rights groups, made it difficult to pass more stringent gun laws. The composition of Congress, with its deep ties to special interest groups, showed how these external influences can undermine efforts to pass reform, even in the face of public pressure. This example demonstrates how the membership in Congress can be ineffective if it is too influenced by lobbyists and external interests, leading to inaction on critical issues.

Pharmaceutical Lobbying Blocking Drug Price Reform (2020):

Despite public outcry about high drug prices, Congress failed to enact significant legislation to regulate pharmaceutical costs. In 2020, even with a push from both political parties to address drug pricing, the powerful influence of pharmaceutical lobbyists prevented a comprehensive bill from passing. Many members of Congress, especially those with strong ties to the pharmaceutical industry, resisted efforts to curb drug prices, resulting in stalled legislation. This demonstrated how the composition of Congress, influenced by money and lobbying interests, can impede meaningful legislative action, making the body ineffective in addressing public needs.

Question 25

The structure of Congress: How is the election cycle significant? e.g. voter engagement and electoral accountability (use two examples)

Answer 25

2018 Midterm Elections and the Shift in Congressional Power: The 2018 midterm elections were significant because they marked a shift in control of the House of Representatives from Republican to Democratic hands. This shift was largely a response to voter dissatisfaction with the policies of the Trump administration, particularly regarding issues like healthcare and immigration. Voter turnout surged, especially among women and younger voters, indicating a strong desire for change. The election cycle allowed citizens to hold their elected officials accountable by choosing representatives who aligned more closely with their political values and priorities. This change in Congressional control allowed the newly empowered Democrats to influence key legislation and hold hearings on various issues, such as the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election. 2020 Presidential Election and Voter Preferences on COVID-19 Response: In the 2020 presidential election, voter turnout was notably high, as the electorate focused heavily on issues like the COVID-19 pandemic, racial justice, and economic recovery. Joe Biden ran on a platform of more aggressive government intervention to combat the pandemic, provide economic relief, and promote unity, whereas Donald Trump emphasized reopening the economy quickly and individual freedoms. The election results were seen as a clear mandate for change, particularly in how the government would handle the pandemic. This election cycle allowed the public to elect a leader whose policies directly reflected their desire for a more structured response to the health crisis, demonstrating the role elections play in ensuring government accountability to the people.

Question 26

The structure of Congress: How is the election cycle significant? e.g. Electoral Influence on Social Issues (use two examples)

Answer 26

2020 Presidential Election and Racial Justice The 2020 presidential election came at a time when racial justice was a dominant issue, particularly following the Black Lives Matter protests sparked by the death of George Floyd. Voters chose Joe Biden in part due to his stance on addressing systemic racism, reforming police practices, and promoting racial equity. Biden’s victory resulted in his administration prioritizing issues like criminal justice reform, voting rights protections, and other policies aimed at racial equity. This shift in priorities after the election cycle underscored how elections provide an opportunity for citizens to influence the direction of national policies on critical social issues. 2012 Election and Same-Sex Marriage Legalization In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama publicly supported same-sex marriage, marking a significant shift in his stance. His position aligned with broader societal changes and voter sentiment, which saw growing support for LGBTQ+ rights. Following the election, in 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that same-sex marriage was legal nationwide, a ruling that reflected the social momentum seen in the election cycle. The election cycle played a role in demonstrating how public support for certain social issues, like LGBTQ+ rights, could influence national political agendas and judicial outcomes.

Question 27

The structure of Congress: How is the election cycle not significant? e.g. Voter Disengagement and Low Turnout (use two examples)

Answer 27

Low Voter Turnout in the 2014 Midterms In the 2014 midterm elections, voter turnout was notably low, with only 36.4% of eligible voters participating. This low turnout meant that decisions affecting the entire country were made by a small, less diverse portion of the electorate. The lack of engagement in midterm elections meant that certain political issues—such as healthcare, economic reform, and education—received less attention, and many important elections were decided by a minority of voters. This disengagement shows how the election cycle can fail to ensure representative democracy when a large portion of the electorate does not participate. Voter Apathy in the 2020 Presidential Election Although 2020 saw a significant increase in voter turnout, there were still groups who felt their vote wouldn’t lead to real change. Younger voters, particularly those in marginalized communities, were less likely to feel that their needs would be addressed by either major party. This sense of disillusionment can lead to lower participation in future elections and undermine the effectiveness of the election cycle in producing substantive political change, especially when a significant portion of the population feels underrepresented.

Question 28

The structure of Congress: How is the election cycle not significant? e.g. polarisation and gridlock (use two examples)

Answer 28

Congressional Gridlock Post-2020 Election: Following the 2020 presidential election, Joe Biden’s victory was clear, but political polarization remained high, especially in Congress. Republicans in the Senate and the House blocked several pieces of Biden’s legislation, including the For the People Act and his Build Back Better proposal. This polarization resulted in significant legislative delays and failures, demonstrating how a deeply divided Congress can stall necessary reforms, even after a clear electoral mandate. Despite the public’s call for action on issues like voting rights and climate change, the partisan divide limited the effectiveness of the election cycle in facilitating change. The Failure of Gun Control Legislation After 2020 Mass Shootings After several mass shootings in 2020, including the tragedy in Boulder, Colorado, there was a public outcry for stronger gun control measures. However, despite widespread support for reform, Republican members of Congress blocked any new gun control legislation, citing concerns over Second Amendment rights. The inability of Congress to pass meaningful reforms, despite clear electoral outcomes and public demand for change, illustrated how the election cycle can be ineffective when partisan gridlock prevents legislation from advancing.

Question 29

The structure of Congress: How is incumbency significant? e.g. influence of incumbents shaping policy (use two examples)

Answer 29

Incumbency in Healthcare policy - The Affordable Care Act (2010): In the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, incumbents like Senator Harry Reid (D-NV) played a crucial role in ensuring the bill passed. Reid, as the Senate Majority Leader, used his position of power to negotiate with other lawmakers, secure votes, and steer the legislation through Congress. The legislative expertise, leadership, and relationships that incumbents have built over time allow them to shape and influence significant policy decisions. This example highlights how incumbency, with its associated resources and influence, enables lawmakers to have a direct impact on key legislation, something challengers may struggle to achieve due to their lack of institutional experience. Incumbency in Foreign Policy - 2019 U.S. Military Budget In the case of the 2019 U.S. Military Budget, incumbent members of Congress, particularly House Armed Services Committee Chair Adam Smith (D-WA), wielded significant influence in determining military spending and policy. Smith was instrumental in shaping the defense budget, ensuring support for his district’s defense industry while navigating the political challenges of bipartisan support. The seniority and position of power that incumbents hold in key committees, like the Armed Services Committee, give them considerable leverage over national defense policy. This demonstrates how incumbents use their leadership roles to influence policy, often more effectively than challengers who lack the same access to decision-making channels.

Question 30

The structure of Congress: How is incumbency significant? e.g. Access to campaign funds (use two examples)

Answer 30

Incumbency and Fundraising Advantage in 2020 Elections During the 2020 U.S. Senate elections, incumbents like Senator Mitch McConnell (R-KY) had significant fundraising advantages over their challengers. McConnell raised millions of dollars through his network of donors, PACs, and party infrastructure, allowing him to run a highly effective campaign. This access to financial resources, which is more readily available to incumbents due to their established fundraising networks, provides a substantial advantage in running a successful election campaign. For example, McConnell’s ability to outspend his opponent, Amy McGrath, helped him maintain his seat and fend off a competitive challenge. This underscores the role of money and resources in securing re-election, with incumbents typically having more access to these advantages. Incumbency and Campaign Donations in House Races In the 2020 U.S. House of Representatives elections, incumbents raised significantly more money than their challengers. Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-MN) raised over $10 million for her re-election campaign, using her high profile and fundraising ability to secure her seat against a well-funded Republican challenger. This fundraising power, which many incumbents leverage, allows them to build broad networks of donors, engage in extensive advertising, and cover the costs of running a competitive campaign. Challengers, especially those with less name recognition or fewer connections, often find it difficult to match the financial firepower of incumbents, which is one reason for the high re-election rates among sitting members of Congress.

Question 31

The structure of Congress: How is incumbency not significant? e.g. Voter Fatigue and Desire for Change (use two examples)

Answer 31

2018 Midterm Elections and Incumbent Losses: In the 2018 midterm elections, some incumbents who had been in office for decades, like Rep. Robert Brady (D-PA), faced unexpected challenges and ultimately decided not to seek re-election after facing increasing scrutiny and political pressure. The wave of discontent that led to a Democratic takeover of the House of Representatives also resulted in some long-serving incumbents being ousted, illustrating that even incumbents with long tenure and institutional power can face voter fatigue. Voters, especially in a period of rising political polarization, can grow tired of career politicians, and this discontent can lead to a loss of support, showing how incumbency doesn't always guarantee re-election. 2020 Senate Elections and Challenger Successes: In the 2020 Senate elections, while most incumbents retained their seats, some faced major challenges that reflected growing frustration with political establishment figures. For example, Senator Susan Collins (R-ME), a long-time incumbent, faced a tough re-election bid from Sara Gideon, a Democrat who strongly criticized Collins for her votes in favor of President Trump’s policies. Despite Collins’ incumbency advantage, her race was incredibly competitive and demonstrated that voters are sometimes eager to replace established politicians, especially when they disagree with their policies. This shows how even incumbency doesn’t always guarantee success when voters are motivated to seek change.

Question 32

The structure of Congress: How is incumbency not significant? e.g. polarisation weakening incumbent influence (use two examples)

Answer 32

2016 Presidential Election and Incumbent Discontent: In the 2016 presidential election, several long-serving incumbents from both parties faced challenges in aligning with the more extreme political movements within their respective parties. For example, Republican incumbents struggled with the rise of the populist movement led by Donald Trump, which led to division within the GOP and caused many traditional Republicans to lose support from their base. The election cycle saw a shift in voter priorities, and incumbents who had been in office for years were seen as too aligned with the establishment to cater to new political dynamics, weakening their ability to retain control. This illustrates how political polarization can undermine the effectiveness of incumbency, as incumbents may be seen as out of touch with changing political currents. Congressional Gridlock and Incumbent Disillusionment: In the 2020 election cycle, gridlock in Congress was a major issue. Despite the incumbency advantage, Republicans and Democrats in Congress were unable to pass major pieces of legislation due to partisan divides, leading to voter frustration. For instance, despite the urgent need for a COVID-19 relief package, Congress struggled to reach a deal for months due to partisan disagreements. This failure to act demonstrated that even incumbents with significant power could be ineffective when political polarization renders the legislative process dysfunctional, showing how incumbency doesn't guarantee action or success in addressing the needs of the electorate.

Question 33

Key word: What does concurrent powers mean?

Answer 33

Shared powers that both the national government and state governments have.

Question 34

The distribution of powers within Congress: What are the concurrent powers of Congress and where can they be seen? e.g. create legislation (use two examples)

Answer 34

(HOR) -The American Rescue Plan Act (2021): In 2021, the House of Representatives played a pivotal role in passing the American Rescue Plan Act, a massive $1.9 trillion economic relief package in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This legislation aimed to provide direct financial assistance to individuals, extend unemployment benefits, and fund vaccine distribution, among other provisions. The House passed the bill in February 2021, where it included several key provisions such as $1,400 stimulus checks for Americans. Once the bill passed in the House, it was sent to the Senate for review, showing how both chambers share the responsibility of creating comprehensive legislation that addresses national needs. (Senate) - The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (2021) In 2021, after a lengthy negotiation process, the Senate passed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a $1.2 trillion infrastructure bill. This bill focused on improving the nation's roads, bridges, public transportation, and broadband internet access, particularly in underserved areas. The Senate played a central role in drafting and passing the bill, which was eventually approved after bipartisan support. While the House had already passed a version of the infrastructure bill, the Senate's passage of the bill demonstrated how both chambers collaborate to create laws that affect both the federal government and state governments, particularly in terms of infrastructure funding.

Question 35

The distribution of powers within Congress: What are the concurrent powers of Congress and where can they be seen? e.g. override the president's veto (use two examples)

Answer 35

(HOR) -National Defense Authorization Act (2021): In 2021, President Donald Trump vetoed the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), a key piece of legislation that sets the budget and policies for the Department of Defense. The House of Representatives voted to override his veto, with a strong bipartisan majority supporting the measure. This override was crucial because the NDAA is considered one of the most important annual pieces of legislation, and the House’s decision to override the veto ensured that military spending and defense policy continued without interruption. The House's role in this process highlights how Congress can work together to override a presidential veto and assert its legislative authority. (Senate) - National Defense Authorization Act (2021): Following the House's action, the Senate also voted to override President Trump’s veto of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) in 2021. The Senate passed the override with overwhelming bipartisan support, ensuring that the defense policy would become law. By overriding the veto, the Senate demonstrated its power to collaborate with the House to counteract presidential decisions and safeguard the legislative process. This case shows how both chambers share the power to override a veto, allowing Congress to assert its authority even when the president disagrees with key legislation.

Question 36

The distribution of powers within Congress: What are the concurrent powers of Congress and where can they be seen? e.g. investigations (use two examples)

Answer 36

(HOR): - Investigation into the January 6th Capitol Riot (2021) In the wake of the January 6th Capitol riot, the House of Representatives established a select committee to investigate the events leading to the attack. The committee, which held public hearings in the summer and fall of 2021, included testimony from law enforcement officials, security experts, and individuals involved in the events of that day. The investigation aimed to determine the causes behind the attack and how security measures failed, while also looking into any coordination between members of Congress and those involved in the insurrection. This example highlights the House’s concurrent power to conduct investigations and hold hearings, ensuring accountability for actions that affect the nation as a whole. (Senate) - Facebook and Big Tech Antitrust Hearings (2020) In 2020, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a series of hearings to investigate the practices of Facebook, Google, and Amazon, focusing on whether these tech giants violated antitrust laws by exerting too much control over their respective markets. During the hearings, tech company executives were questioned by lawmakers about the companies' market dominance, data privacy issues, and potential harmful effects on competition. The hearings were part of a larger investigation into whether new regulations or legislation were needed to address concerns about the power of Big Tech. This example demonstrates the Senate's power to hold hearings and investigate matters of national concern, showing how both chambers can work in tandem to hold industries accountable and ensure regulatory oversight.

Question 37

The distribution of powers within Congress: What powers exclusive to the House of Representatives and where can they be seen? ? e.g.

Answer 37

Example 1: American Rescue Plan Act (2021) In 2021, the House of Representatives played a central role in drafting and passing the American Rescue Plan Act, a $1.9 trillion economic relief package aimed at addressing the COVID-19 pandemic's effects. The bill included provisions for direct stimulus payments to individuals, extended unemployment benefits, and funding for vaccine distribution. The House took the lead in crafting this major spending bill, which then moved to the Senate. This is an example of the House using its exclusive power of the purse to control government spending, particularly in response to a national crisis. Example 2: Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (2021) In 2021, the House of Representatives also passed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a $1.2 trillion bill aimed at improving the nation's infrastructure. This legislation focused on rebuilding roads, bridges, public transit, and expanding broadband access. The House initially passed the bill before it moved to the Senate, showing its exclusive role in authorizing government spending for large-scale projects that affect both the federal and state governments.

Question 38

The distribution of powers within Congress: What powers exclusive to the House of Representatives and where can they be seen? ? e.g. Impeachment (use two examples)

Answer 38

Impeachment of President Donald Trump (2019): In 2019, the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Donald Trump on two articles: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The charges were based on allegations that Trump pressured Ukraine to investigate his political rival, Joe Biden, while withholding military aid. The House Judiciary Committee held hearings and investigated these claims, and after a vote, the House impeached Trump, making him the third U.S. president to be impeached. While the Senate later acquitted him, the House’s action to bring impeachment charges demonstrated its exclusive power to initiate this process and hold the president accountable for his actions. Impeachment of President Donald Trump (2021): In 2021, following the January 6th Capitol riot, the House of Representatives once again impeached President Donald Trump—this time on a single charge of incitement of insurrection. The impeachment was directly tied to Trump’s actions in encouraging the violent storming of the U.S. Capitol by his supporters, which disrupted the certification of the 2020 presidential election results. The House passed the impeachment with bipartisan support, making Trump the first president in U.S. history to be impeached twice. This shows how the House can exercise its exclusive power to initiate impeachment proceedings when it believes that a president or other federal official has committed an impeachable offense.

Question 39

The distribution of powers within Congress: What powers exclusive to the Senate and where can they be seen? e.g. ratifying treaties (use two examples)

Answer 39

The New START Treaty (2021): In 2021, the Senate ratified the New START Treaty, a nuclear arms reduction agreement between the United States and Russia. The treaty aimed to limit the number of strategic nuclear warheads that both countries could deploy, with the goal of reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation. After the treaty was negotiated by the executive branch, it was sent to the Senate for ratification. The Senate voted to ratify the treaty, which was a key step in promoting global security and reaffirming the U.S.'s commitment to arms control agreements. This example demonstrates the Senate’s exclusive role in ratifying treaties that affect international relations and national security. The Paris Climate Agreement (2017): In 2017, the Trump administration announced its intention to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement, an international treaty aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. Although the U.S. had originally signed the treaty, the Senate did not formally ratify it, and the withdrawal process was driven by executive action. The Senate’s failure to ratify the treaty and the president’s subsequent decision to withdraw from it highlight the Senate's exclusive power in treaty ratification, as well as its influence over climate policy and international cooperation on environmental issues.

Question 40

The distribution of powers within Congress: What powers exclusive to the Senate and where can they be seen? e.g. confirmation of presidential appointments (use two examples)

Answer 40

Confirmation of Justice Amy Coney Barrett (2020): In 2020, the Senate confirmed Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court after she was nominated by President Donald Trump. The Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings and reviewed her qualifications before the full Senate voted to confirm her appointment. Barrett's confirmation came in the midst of a contentious election season, but the Senate exercised its exclusive power to approve the president’s judicial nominee, making her the 115th justice of the Supreme Court. This example shows the Senate’s role in confirming high-level judicial appointments and its significant influence on the makeup of the Supreme Court. Confirmation of Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin (2021): In 2021, the Senate confirmed Lloyd Austin as the Secretary of Defense under President Joe Biden. Austin, a retired four-star general, was nominated to lead the Department of Defense. His nomination was notable because it required a waiver of the law that prevents military officers from serving as Secretary of Defense unless they have been out of the military for at least seven years. The Senate confirmed Austin’s appointment by a wide bipartisan vote, demonstrating the Senate’s exclusive power to approve presidential appointments to key positions in the executive branch.

Question 41

Functions of Congress: How can the House of Representatives be seen to be performing their function of passing legislation effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 41

The American Rescue Plan Act (2021): In 2021, the House of Representatives passed the American Rescue Plan Act, a $1.9 trillion stimulus package aimed at providing economic relief during the COVID-19 pandemic. This included direct payments to individuals, extended unemployment benefits, and funding for vaccine distribution. The House played a central role in crafting and passing the bill, which was designed to address the economic and public health impacts of the pandemic. The bill was later passed by the Senate and signed into law by President Biden, showcasing how the House effectively legislated in response to a national crisis. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (2021): In 2021, the House of Representatives passed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a $1.2 trillion bill that focuses on rebuilding the nation’s infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and public transit. The House played a key role in pushing for bipartisan support for this legislation, reflecting its function in crafting major legislative priorities. This legislation aims to improve the nation's infrastructure and create jobs, showing the House's role in advancing important economic policies.

Question 42

Functions of Congress: How can the House of Representatives be seen to be performing their function of passing legislation not effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 42

Failure to Pass Comprehensive Immigration Reform (2021): In 2021, the House of Representatives passed the American Dream and Promise Act, which aimed to provide a pathway to citizenship for DACA recipients (those brought to the U.S. as children) and those with Temporary Protected Status (TPS). The bill passed with Democratic support but faced opposition from Republicans in the Senate. Despite passing the House with significant support, the bill did not make it to the President’s desk because it failed to overcome the Senate’s filibuster, showing how the House, even when acting in good faith, can be ineffective when other parts of the legislative process block its actions. Gun Control Legislation Stalled in the Senate (2021): In 2021, the House of Representatives passed the Bipartisan Background Checks Act, which would require background checks for all gun buyers, including those who purchase firearms at gun shows or online. However, the Senate did not pass the bill despite widespread public support, especially following mass shootings in the U.S. This failure highlights how even when the House pushes through significant legislation, it can still be ineffective in achieving change if the Senate or other political factors prevent the bill from advancing to the President’s desk.

Question 43

Functions of Congress: How can the House of Representatives be seen to be performing their function of passing representation effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 43

Health Care Coverage during COVID-19: In 2020, the House of Representatives passed multiple bills aimed at expanding health care coverage and providing relief to those affected by the pandemic. One of the most significant was the Heroes Act, which sought to expand paid sick leave, extend unemployment benefits, and support the healthcare system. The House, through the work of its members, acted in response to the needs of Americans during the health crisis, demonstrating its role in representing the public’s interests. Addressing Gun Violence: In 2021, the House passed legislation aimed at addressing gun violence, including universal background checks for gun buyers through the Bipartisan Background Checks Act. This bill sought to close loopholes in gun sales and ensure safer communities. Many House representatives advocated for this bill after public outcry over rising gun violence and mass shootings, reflecting how the House represents the concerns of American citizens on important social issues.

Question 44

Functions of Congress: How can the House of Representatives be seen to be performing their function of passing representation not effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 44

Gerrymandering and District Manipulation (2020): In North Carolina in 2020, gerrymandering caused a significant imbalance in the House representation. Despite the Democratic Party winning the majority of the votes in the state, Republicans still secured 10 out of the 13 congressional seats due to district lines being manipulated in their favor. This misrepresentation means that the House fails to fairly represent the people’s will in such cases, reducing its effectiveness in truly reflecting public interests and concerns. Lack of Progress on Healthcare (2021): In 2021, the House attempted to push forward healthcare reform, particularly expanding the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or introducing a public health option. However, Republican lawmakers and conservative Democrats strongly opposed these moves, leading to a failure to make significant progress. While healthcare remains a significant concern for many Americans, the polarization within the House, with some members fighting to preserve the status quo and others pushing for expansion, makes it ineffective in addressing a major public issue.

Question 45

Functions of Congress: How can the House of Representatives be seen to be performing their function of passing oversight effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 45

Investigation into the January 6th Capitol Riots (2021): In 2021, the House established a bipartisan select committee to investigate the events surrounding the January 6th Capitol insurrection, where supporters of then-President Donald Trump stormed the Capitol building to disrupt the certification of the presidential election results. The investigation aimed to determine the causes of the riot, who was responsible, and how to prevent future violence. Through this oversight function, the House exercised its constitutional responsibility to hold the executive accountable and ensure that public safety and the democratic process were protected. Impeachment Inquiry of President Trump (2019): In 2019, the House of Representatives initiated an impeachment inquiry into President Donald Trump’s actions related to his phone call with the president of Ukraine, where Trump allegedly pressured the Ukrainian leader to investigate Joe Biden, his political rival. The House Oversight and Judiciary Committees conducted investigations and hearings to examine whether Trump's actions constituted "abuse of power" and "obstruction of Congress." This led to Trump's impeachment by the House, demonstrating how the House can use its oversight powers to investigate potential abuses of power by the President.

Question 46

Functions of Congress: How can the House of Representatives be seen to be performing their function of passing oversight not effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 46

Partisan Gridlock in the Trump Impeachment (2019): In 2019, the House of Representatives impeached President Donald Trump on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress related to his phone call with the President of Ukraine, in which he allegedly pressured Ukraine to investigate Joe Biden, his political rival. While the impeachment investigation was a key exercise of oversight, the process became highly partisan, with Republicans generally defending Trump and Democrats pushing for his removal. The partisan nature of the impeachment made the House’s oversight function appear politically motivated rather than focused on upholding the Constitution and ensuring accountability, reducing its overall effectiveness. Limited Accountability on COVID-19 Response (2020): During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the House held hearings to investigate the Trump administration’s handling of the crisis. One significant hearing focused on the federal government’s response to the public health emergency. While some members of the House made important inquiries, many of the hearings were criticized as partisan exercises rather than genuine investigations aimed at improving the federal response to the pandemic. With the House divided along party lines, much of the oversight was focused on political points rather than taking meaningful steps to improve public health policy. This undermined the House’s ability to hold the executive branch fully accountable and deliver solutions to urgent national problems.

Question 47

Functions of Congress: How does the Senate carry its function of legislation effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 47

The CHIPS and Science Act (2022): In 2022, the Senate passed the CHIPS and Science Act, a monumental $280 billion package aimed at boosting semiconductor production in the United States and supporting American scientific research. This legislation was a direct response to the global semiconductor shortage that disrupted supply chains and raised national security concerns. Key senators, like Chuck Schumer (New York) and Todd Young (Indiana), played an instrumental role in pushing the bill through. This act supports American manufacturing, job creation, and technological advancement, showing the Senate’s ability to pass vital laws that directly address economic and national security concerns. The Respect for Marriage Act (2022): In 2022, the Senate passed the Respect for Marriage Act, a bill designed to protect same-sex and interracial marriages at the federal level, in light of concerns that the Supreme Court might reverse the Obergefell v. Hodges decision. This bill passed the Senate with 61 votes, including the support of 12 Republican Senators. The passage of this legislation reflects the Senate's capacity to take decisive action in protecting civil rights, specifically for marginalized groups, by ensuring that same-sex and interracial marriages remain legal and protected under federal law.

Question 48

Functions of Congress: How does the Senate carry its function of legislation not effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 48

COVID-19 Relief Bills (2020-2021): In 2020-2021, the Senate struggled to pass timely and effective COVID-19 relief legislation. While the House of Representatives passed multiple relief bills early in the pandemic, the Senate took months to negotiate and pass a comprehensive package. The Senate was deeply divided over the size and scope of the relief, with Republicans advocating for smaller packages, while Democrats pushed for more extensive economic support. By the time the American Rescue Plan was passed in March 2021, millions of Americans had already been waiting for relief, illustrating how Senate gridlock delayed critical legislation that was needed to support the public during a global crisis. Infrastructure Bill Delays (2021): In 2021, the Senate delayed passing the $1.2 trillion Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which had bipartisan support and was essential for upgrading the country’s infrastructure, including transportation, broadband, and clean energy. The legislation faced several months of contentious negotiations between Republicans and Democrats, particularly over how to fund the bill and what projects should take priority. This delay led to uncertainty among local governments and contractors, who had to wait longer for federal funding to improve roads, bridges, and broadband infrastructure. The extended timeline for passing this bill highlights the inefficiencies in Senate decision-making and the challenges of moving important legislation forward in a timely manner.

Question 49

Functions of Congress: How does the Senate carry its function of representation effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 49

Senators Push for Wildfire Relief in the Infrastructure Bill (2021): In 2021, Senator Dianne Feinstein (California) and Senator Ron Wyden (Oregon) were crucial in pushing for additional wildfire relief funding in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Wildfires in their states had caused severe damage to communities, and both senators lobbied for targeted provisions in the bill to allocate $1 billion for wildfire management and recovery efforts. Their advocacy highlighted the Senate’s role in ensuring that states affected by specific issues, like wildfires, get federal support, showcasing how senators represent the needs of their local communities in national legislation. Senator Josh Hawley’s Opposition to the For the People Act (2021): In 2021, Senator Josh Hawley (Missouri) strongly opposed the For the People Act, a comprehensive bill designed to expand voting rights and address electoral reform. Senator Hawley argued that the bill overstepped federal authority by interfering with states' ability to set their own voting laws. By voicing opposition to the bill, Hawley represented his constituents' concerns about federal intervention in state-run elections, highlighting the Senate’s role in representing regional perspectives on issues like voter rights.

Question 50

Functions of Congress: How does the Senate carry its function of representation not effectively? (use two examples) e.g. rights

Answer 50

Opposition to the For the People Act (2021): In 2021, the Senate failed to pass the For the People Act, a major piece of voting rights reform legislation designed to combat voter suppression, secure election integrity, and expand voting access across the nation. Despite strong public support for expanding voting rights, Republican Senators blocked the bill by maintaining a filibuster. The For the People Act aimed to make early voting, mail-in voting, and voter registration more accessible, yet it was stalled in the Senate by partisan opposition, particularly from those who viewed the bill as a federal overreach into state-level elections. This inaction prevented the Senate from adequately representing the desire of many Americans to protect voting rights and ensure more inclusive elections. Inaction on Gun Control (2021): Despite several tragic mass shootings in 2021, such as those in Atlanta and Boulder, the Senate failed to pass significant gun control measures. While House Democrats pushed bills that would have expanded background checks and banned assault-style weapons, the Senate, especially Republican Senators like Ted Cruz (Texas) and Mitch McConnell (Kentucky), blocked the legislation. The Senate’s inability to respond to the public’s call for stricter gun control laws demonstrated how partisan gridlock and lobbying influence from the gun industry prevented senators from representing the will of their constituents, who overwhelmingly supported stronger gun regulations.

Question 51

Functions of Congress: How does the Senate carry its function of oversight effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 51

Senate Investigation into the January 6th Attack (2021): In 2021, the Senate, alongside the House Select Committee, investigated the January 6th attack on the U.S. Capitol. The Senate Judiciary Committee and the Senate Homeland Security Committee held hearings to question federal law enforcement officials, intelligence agencies, and the FBI about their preparedness for and response to the riot. Senators, including Senator Dick Durbin (Illinois) and Senator Mitch McConnell (Kentucky), took part in demanding answers about the handling of the crisis and the involvement of various actors, including government agencies and private groups. This investigation exemplified the Senate’s oversight function, holding both the executive branch and others accountable for their failures in responding to the insurrection. Senate Hearings on Big Tech’s Role in Misinformation (2021): In 2021, the Senate Judiciary Committee and the Senate Commerce Committee held several high-profile hearings focused on the role of big tech companies, like Facebook and Twitter, in spreading misinformation and disinformation related to the 2020 election and COVID-19. Senators like Amy Klobuchar (Minnesota) and Chuck Grassley (Iowa) questioned tech executives, including Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg and Twitter’s Jack Dorsey, about the platforms’ roles in allowing false claims and conspiracy theories to flourish. This oversight was critical in addressing the power and responsibility of tech giants in shaping public opinion and elections, ensuring they were held accountable for their influence on national discourse.

Question 52

Functions of Congress: How does the Senate carry its function of oversight not effectively? (use two examples)

Answer 52

Lack of Oversight During the Trump Administration (2017-2021): During Donald Trump's presidency, particularly in his first few years, the Senate, controlled by Republicans, often failed to conduct thorough oversight of his administration. Despite concerns over Russian interference in the 2016 election and Trump's dealings with Ukraine (which led to his impeachment), the Senate did little to investigate or hold the President accountable. For example, in 2020, the Senate acquitted Trump after his impeachment trial for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, despite overwhelming evidence presented in the House. The Senate's partisan vote and reluctance to hold Trump accountable for his actions revealed how political loyalty prevented effective oversight of the executive branch. Limited Action on the January 6th Capitol Insurrection (2021): After the January 6th Capitol insurrection, the Senate's oversight was limited and deeply partisan. While a House Select Committee was formed to investigate the causes and events surrounding the attack, the Senate was slow to establish its own independent commission. Despite overwhelming public support for a thorough investigation, Republican Senators blocked the creation of a bipartisan commission to examine the insurrection, arguing that it was a politically motivated effort. This failure to conduct comprehensive oversight by the Senate delayed the investigation and undermined the accountability process, showing how partisan divisions can weaken the Senate’s oversight function.