Congenitla Heart Disease Flashcards
Name a cyanotic defects
Atrial septal defect,
Patent foramen ovale
Ventricular septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta
Name some cyanotic defects
Tetralogy of fallot
Tricuspid atresia
Transpositions of the great arteries
What are cyanotic heart defects
Cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defect (CHD) that occurs due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation
What are the most common locations o ASD?
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What is patent foramen ovale
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is not a true ASD. PFOs may be present in around 20% of the population and are generally clinically silent since the higher left atrial pressure causes functional closure of the flap valve.
What problem may be associated with PFO?
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What is a ventricular septal defect
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an abnormal opening in the interventricular septum. This most commonly occurs in the membranous portion of the septum, but can occur at any point. Since left ventricular pressure is much higher than right, blood will flow from left to right, the amount of flow depending on the size of the lesion.
What is a patent ductus arteriosus
The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that exists in the fetus to shunt blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta before the lungs are functioning. This vessel should close shortly after birth as the pressure in the pulmonary artery drops following perfusion of the lungs. Failure to close leads to a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Blood flow through a PDA will be from aorta to pulmonary artery after birth (high to low pressure).
Although left to right shunting of blood does not cause cyanosis it can be problematic later on if untreated, with the extent of the problems depending on the degree of shunting.
What is eisenmenger syndrome?
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What is coarctation of the
Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aortic lumen in the region of the ligamentum arteriosum (former ductus arteriosus). The narrowing of the aorta increases the afterload on the left ventricle and can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy. Because the vessels to the head and upper limbs usually emerge proximal to the coarctation, the blood supply to these regions is not compromised. However blood flow to the rest of the body is reduced. The extent of the symptoms depends on the severity of the coarctation.
What happens to the femoral pulses and blood pressure in the upper body in coarctation of the aorta?
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What is tetralogy of fallot?
Tetralogy of Fallot is a group of 4 lesions occurring together as the result of a single developmental defect which places the outflow portion of the interventricular septum too far in the anterior and cephalad directions. The four anomalies are VSD, overriding aorta, and a variable degree of
pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary stenosis causes persistence of the fetal right ventricular hypertrophy as the right ventricle must operate at a higher pressure to pump blood through the pulmonary artery. The increased pressure on the right side of the heart along with the VSD and overriding aorta allow right to left shunting and mixing of deoxygenated blood with the oxygenated blood going to the systemic circulation, resulting in cyanosis. The magnitude of the shunt and level of severity depend on the severity of the pulmonary stenosis. Affected individuals may present with cyanosis or spells of cyanosis in infancy, but mild cases can present in adulthood.
What is tricuspid atresia?
Tricuspid atresia (lack of development of the tricuspid valve) leaves no inlet to the right ventricle. There must be a complete right to left shunt of all the blood returning to the right atrium (ASD or PFO) and a VSD or PDA to allow blood flow to the lungs.
What is transposition of the great arteries?
Transposition of the great arteries results in two unconnected parallel circulations instead of two circulations in series. In this defect the right ventricle is connected to the aorta and the left ventricle to the pulmonary trunk.
Why is transposition of the great arteries viable in utero but not after birth?
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