Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 4: Pathophys > Congenital Heart Disease > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital Heart Disease Includes abnormalities of the heart and _______.

A

great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Congenital Heart Disease malformations- Obstruction

list three

A

Aortic stenosis and atresia
Pulmonic stenosis and atresia
Coarctation of the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Congenital Heart Disease malformations- shunts

list two

A

Left-to-right cardiac shunt

Right-to-left cardiac shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A cardiac shunt is a communication between _____

A

heart chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A cardiac shunt Allows blood flow in an abnormal direction, depending on _______ in the respective chambers

A

pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Left-to-Right Shunts Result in _____ months to years after birth

A

cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ Shunts Increases right ventricular pressure resulting in right ventricular hypertrophy, eventual right heart failure

A

Left-to-Right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you assess Left-to-Right Shunts?

A

Assessed with echocardiography, ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_________ defects are due to a defect located at the oval fossa (remnant of the foramen ovale)

A

Atrial septal defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Atrial septal defects Results in blood flow from ___ to ___ atrium

A

blood flow from left to right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in Atrial septal defects, there is a _____ murmur as a result of excessive flow over the pulmonic valve

A

Systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atrial septal defects lead to heart failure with pulmonary ______, or may be well tolerated, depending on shunt size

A

hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_______ defects are Due to incomplete closure of the ventricular septum

A

Ventricular septal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In Ventricular septal defects, Effect depends on?

A

size of defect and presence of other anomalies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____________ eventually causes pulmonary hypertension due to high pulmonary artery pressure/flow, also right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure

A

Ventricular septal defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what kind of murmur is heard with Ventricular septal defects?

A

Pansystolic murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in Atrial-ventricular septal defects, there is Incomplete closure of the entire ______, and inadequate tricuspid and mitral valves

A

AV septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atrial-ventricular septal defects

are Often associated with ______

A

Down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in Ductus arteriosus , there is A connection between the _________ and the aorta that diverts blood away from the pulmonary bed due to lower interuterine peripheral pressure

A

main pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ductus arteriosus Normally closes within ____ after birth due to increased oxygen and reduction of vasodilatory PGE2, results in increased pulmonary blood flow

A

10 – 15 hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Patent ductus arteriosis Eventually causes pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure due to _______

A

high pulmonary artery pressure/flow

22
Q

is Patent ductus arteriosis present after birth?

A

yes

23
Q

how does Patent ductus arteriosis present?

A

Presents with continuous harsh murmur, no cyanosis

24
Q

_______ Shunts Result in cyanosis immediately after birth due to unoxygenated blood being sent into the left atrium or ventricle

A

Right-to-Left

25
Q

how do you access Right-to-Left Shunts?

A

with echocardiography, ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound

26
Q

four features of Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  1. Ventricular septal defect
  2. Subpulmonary stenosis
  3. Aorta overriding the ventricular septal defect (one-way valve)
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
27
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot Severity depends on severity of __________ (greater right-to-left shunting with decreased outflow through pulmonary artery)

A

subpulmonary stenosis

28
Q

Aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the _____.

A

left ventricle

29
Q

in Right-to-Left Shunts, Aorta arises anterior to _________ (normally posterior)

A

pulmonary artery

30
Q

in Right-to-Left Shunts, Aorta arises anterior to pulmonary artery (normally posterior). this Results in separation of _____ and ______circulations

A

systemic and pulmonary circulations

31
Q

Right-to-Left Shunts are Incompatible with postnatal life unless ______ exists

A

stable shunt

32
Q

Normal physiology of foramen ovale
In utero, the foramen ovale is a flap-like opening between right and left atria (right-to-left shunt) which allows ________ blood (from placenta) to flow from the right to the left atrium (for systemic oxygenation)

A

oxygenated

33
Q

At birth, the foramen ovale flap closure occurs due to:

A
  1. Oxygen filling the alveoli causes the pulmonary arterioles to open (reduction in right heart pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance)
  2. Increasing amount of blood returning from the pulmonary circulation raises left atrial pressure
34
Q

foramen ovale normally fully fuses by__ years of age

A

2

35
Q

the foramen ovale normally fully fuses by 2 years of age in what percentage of children?

A

70 to 75 percent of children

36
Q

Pathophysiology of Patent Foramen Ovale:

Foramen ovale doesn’t fully close, allowing blood flow between ____
Flow may go from right-left or left-right

A

atria

37
Q

Patient foramen ovale found in ____ percent of individuals and frequently persists into adulthood

A

25 to 30 %

38
Q

are most patients with Patient foramen ovale symptomatic?

A

no, they are asymptomatic

39
Q

Patient foramen ovale May be associated with other congenital cardiac septal anomalies such as?

A
  1. “Cryptogenic” stroke (no specific cause known, 20-40% ischemic strokes), presumably due to embolus formation
  2. Migraine and vascular headache
40
Q

Obstructive Congenital Anomalies:

Obstruction often occurs at the level of ______ or great vessels

A

valves

41
Q

how are Obstructive Congenital Anomalies assessed?

A

echocardiography, ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound

42
Q

Aortic stenosis and atresia (narrowing) is Obstruction at the ______.

A

aortic valve

43
Q

Aortic stenosis and atresia May occur as _____(e.g., bicuspid aortic valve), ______ (e.g., subpulmonary stenosis), or _____.

A

May occur as valvular (e.g., bicuspid aortic valve), subvalvular (e.g., subpulmonary stenosis), or supravalvular

44
Q

If Aortic stenosis and/or atresia is severe, it may lead to hypoplasia of LV and ascending aorta; if less severe may result in ____

A

LVH

45
Q

how is the murmur in Aortic stenosis and atresia?

A

Systolic murmur, sometimes a thrill

46
Q

Pulmonary stenosis and atresia:

Obstruction at the _______, degree may vary from minimal to complete (complete commonly associated with ASD)

A

pulmonary valve

47
Q

What is Coarctation of the aorta?

A

Constriction of the aortic wall resulting in decreased peripheral flow

48
Q

Coarctation of the aorta May be proximal or distal to ______.

A

ductus arteriosis

49
Q

how is the murmur with Coarctation of the aorta?

A

holosystolic murmur

50
Q

Two forms of Coarctation of the aorta

A
  1. With patent ductus arteriosus –
    manifests early in life, high mortality,
    produces lower extremity cyanosis (A)
  2. Without patent ductus arteriosus –
    Upper extremity hypertension,
    lower extremity hypotension,
    symptoms of arterial insufficiency (B)

Block 4: Pathophys (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions