congenital heart defects Flashcards
what are acyanotic defects
where blood is shunted from the left to the right side of the heart. no mixing of oxy and deoxy blood.
what is ASD (atrial septal defects)
opening in the septum between the atria. blood flows from left to right due to higher pressure in left.
effects of ASD
increased pulmonary flow which may be damaging due to higher pressure in lungs. right ventricle is overloaded because more blood from right atria which can eventually lead to right sided heart failure
what is PFD (patent foramen ovale)
20% of the population have it. where foramen ovale hasn’t grown back together but not a problem because silent due to higher pressure in left atria keep the flap shut.
what is VSD (ventricular septal defect)
opening in intraventricular septum (usually in the membranous portion). blood flows from left to right
effects of VSD
LV volume is overloaded and more blood pumped to the pulmonary which can result in pulmonary hypertension
what is PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
ductus arteriosus should close after birth and therefore shunting from left to right still occurs.
effects of PDA
can cause problems e.g eisenmenger syndrome due to lots of blood being sent to the pulmonary causing injury and therefore increased resistance and therefore pressure. because of this blood is shunted from right to left instead causing cyanosis
what is coarctation
its the narrowing of the aortic lumen in the ligamentous arteriosis region where ductus arteriosus used to be. This will lead to overload of left ventricle and hypertrophy.
what can be said about the femoral pulse during coarctation
weal femoral pulse but normal upper body pulse because arteries are proximal
what are cyanotic defects
when blood is shunted from right to left. also gives blue colour due to lack of oxygen
what is tetralogy of fallot
defect where outflow portion of intraventricular septum is to far to the anterior direction. causes;
- VSD
- overriding aorta (positioned over the VSD instead of the left ventricle)
- pulmonary stenosis
- ventricular hypertrophy
what causes the symptoms of tetralogy fallot to occur
due to stenosis ventricle must work much harder causing hypertrophy. right to left shunting occurs due to VSD and pulmonary obstruction increasing pressure in the right side. cyanosis severity depends on how bad stenosis is.
what is tricuspid atresia
tricuspid valve doesnt develop properly so blood can’t enter right ventricle to get to the lungs. needs a right to left shunt and a VSD or PDA to allow blood to flow to lungs
what is the transposition of the great vessels
right ventricle connected to aorta and left ventricle to the pulmonary trunk. need shunt from left to right and right to left. swap blood contents= bidirectional shunting
