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Midterm > Congenital Heart Defects > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Defects Flashcards

1
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

Hole in strial septum that seperated left from right. Allows oxygenated blood to be shunted from left to right atria due to pressure

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2
Q

Often asymptomatic and diagnosed by murmur

A

Atrial septal defect

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3
Q

What gender is ASD prevelant in?

A

2x more in girls

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4
Q

Can ASD resolve on its own?

A

a small hole can, a large hole needs surgery

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5
Q

What other issues can ASD cause?

A

HTN, HF, V-Fib

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6
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

a hole in the ventricular septum allowing mixing of blood

“Left to right shunt”

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7
Q

Can VSD resolve on its own?

A

Usually close spontaneously in the first year or two of life. Larger holes require surgery in the first year

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8
Q

What is VSD effects?

A

blood from the lungs crosses the VSD and goes back to the lungs causing increased pulmonary blood flow

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9
Q

Atrioventricular Canal defect

A

a combination of defects, involving malformations of the tricuspid and mitral valves; almost fused together as one

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10
Q

What congential heart defect is in conjunction with down syndrome?

A

ACD- Atrioventricular canal defect

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11
Q

What are the effects of Atrialventricular canal defect (ACD)?

A

this defect allows the blood to flow freely between the four chambers

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12
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

a minor vessel sometimes from the fetal structure of the heart in a newborn baby, connecting the aorta to the pulmonary artery

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13
Q

What can occur is the PDA remains open?

A

heart failure

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14
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta

A

a narrowing of the lumen of the aorta that impedes blood flow; a blockage in the aorta itself

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15
Q

What is caused by coarcation of the aorta?

A

high blood pressure in the left ventricle and the portion of the aorta between the heart and the blockage

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16
Q

What do newborns with coarcation of the aorta present with

A

heart failure; once the ductus closes rapid deterioration and shock occur

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17
Q

What do older children with coarcation of the aorta present with?

A

HTN in upper extremities, decreased lower pulses, cool mottled skin, eg cramps during exercise

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18
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A 
syndrome with 4 defects:
ventricular septal defect
overriding aorta straddles the VSD
Pulmonary valve stenosis
right ventricle hypertrophy
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19
Q

how is tetralogy of fallot corrected?

A

surgery within early infancy

20
Q

What are the four issues with tetralogy of fallot?

A
  1. large VSD
  2. Narrowing of outflow tract from right ventricle into pulmonary artery
  3. Aorta is enlarged and overrides
  4. thickening of right ventricle resulting in right ventricular hypertrophy
21
Q

Transposition of the Great arteries

A

the two main arteries are connected to the wrong chambers

  • Aorta leaves RV (instead of LV) and takes unoxygenated blood to body
  • PA leaves the LV (instead of right)and takes oxygenated blood to the lungs
22
Q

How is transposition of the great arteries fixed?

A

surgery in the first week of life

23
Q

How does an infant with transposition of the great arteries live after birth?

A

by the formen Ovale in the artial septum and the ductus arteriosus connecting aorta and PA

24
Q

What is cerebral palsey

A

failure of the ability to achieve fross and fine motor milestones; effecting movement and posture

25
Q

What is static encephalopathy?

A

disorder or diesase of the white matter in the brain that does not progress or get worse

26
Q

Cause of cerebral palsey

A

Prenatal- viruses to mother
Intranatal- birth asphyxia, blood issues
Postnatal- shaking baby syndrome

27
Q

What are signs and symptoms of cerebral palsey?

A

postural hypotonia (floppy)
Inertia
only uses one hand
persistent reflexes

28
Q

What is spastic cerebral plasey?

A

damage to the motor cortex; muscle tenderness, hyper-responsiveness, SCISSORING OF LE
MOST COMMON

29
Q

What is atheoid cerebral palsey?

A

basal ganglia injured; uncontrolled, involuntary, slow writhing movements that involve all extremities

30
Q

What is ataxic cerebral plasey?

A

injury to cerebellum; deficit coordination, equilibrium and kinesthetic sense (clumsy)

31
Q

What is the most common type of cerebral palsey?

A

Spastic

32
Q

What is dystonic cerebral plasey?

A

combination of spasticity and athetosis

33
Q

What causes spastic diplegia

A

hypoxic infarctions or bleeding in area adjacent to lateral ventricles

34
Q

What causes athetoid?

A

kernicterus (bili in brain)

metabolic disorders with mitochondrial injury

35
Q

What causes hemiplegic?

A

maternal thrombosis, intrauterine thromboembolism

36
Q

What causes ataxic?

A

neonatal hypoglycemia

37
Q

What is ducheene muscular dystrophy?

A

a form of muscular dystropy that worsens quickly

38
Q

What causes ducheenes muscular dystrophy?

A

defective gene for dystrophin, a protein found in the muscle

39
Q

What is the gower maneuver?

A

using hands and arms to walk out and up from sitting position; due to lack of muscle

40
Q

Is there a cure to ducheene muscular dystrophy?

A

No

41
Q

What happens to muscle without dystrophin?

A

cell membrane cracks and degrades, affected muscle weakens and dies, necrotic muscle fibers are replaced by fat

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of ducheenes muscular dystrophy

A

waddling gait, late walking, dificulty getting up, pseudohypertrophy of the calves

43
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

condition in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21

44
Q

Is there a cure to down syndrome?

A

No, but can live happy lives

45
Q

What is the cause of down syndrome?

A

genetic mutation or robinsons translocation; over age 35 increases chances

Midterm (1 decks)

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