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Neurology > Congenital Anomalies > Flashcards

Congenital Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of spina bifida?

A

Myelomeningocele

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2
Q

When do meningoceles need to be repaired urgently?

A
  • When there is incomplete skin covering the meningocele

- leaking from the meningocele

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3
Q

Does the risk of myelomeningocele increase having another sibling with it?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is the main complication associated with myelomeningoceles?

A

Type II Chiari malformation lead to hydrocephalus

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5
Q

What is the embryologic etiology of anencephaly?

A

Failure of closure of anterior neural tube

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6
Q

What maternal marker would be expected to be elevated in anencephaly?

A

alpha-fetoprotein

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7
Q

What is the term for symmetric dilation of central canal of spinal card by CSF?

A

Hydromyelia

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8
Q

What structures are pushed down to the foramen magnum in Chiari Type I?

A

Cerebellar tonsils or vermis

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9
Q

What structures are pushed down to the foramen magnum in Chiari Type II?

A

Lower medulla and 4th ventricle

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10
Q

What structures are pushed down to the foramen magnum in Chiari Type III?

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Which syndrome is characterized by short neck, low posterior hairline and limited range of neck motion?

A

Klippel-Feil syndrome

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12
Q

Which disorder is characterized by unilateral or bilateral clefts in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Schizencephaly

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13
Q

What is the meaning of porencephaly?

A

Cysts or cavities in the brain

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14
Q

What syndrome is the combination of:

  • agenesis of corpus callosum
  • infantile spasms
  • retinal abnormalities
A

Aicardi syndrome

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15
Q

Which type of hydrocephalus is due to an obstruction in the ventricular system?

A

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

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16
Q

Which type of hydrocephalus is due to the inability of CSF to be absorbed by the arachnoid space?

A

Communicating hydrocephalus

17
Q

What is the cushing triad? What is it caused by?

A

Caused by increased ICP

  • bradycardia
  • respiratory depression
  • hypertension
18
Q

What medication can be given to mother’s in preterm labor to reduce the incidence and severity of CP?

A

Magnesium sulfate

19
Q

What are the 5 types of CP?

A
  • Spastic
  • Dyskinetic
  • Ataxic
  • Hypotonic
  • Mixed
20
Q

Which type of CP is due to a pathology in the basal ganglia?

A

dyskinetic CP

21
Q

Which type of CP presents with UMN signs?

A

spastic CP

22
Q

Which type of CP presents with cerebellar signs?

A

ataxic CP

23
Q

What is the most common cause of strokes in children?

A

Sickle cell disease

24
Q

What two metabolic syndromes increase the risk of stroke?

A

Fabry disease

Homocystinuria

25
Q

What cerebral artery is typically implicated in neonatal cerebral infarction?

A

Middle cerebral artery

Typically stroke

26
Q

What type of hydrocephalus would superior sagittal sinus thrombosis lead to?

A

Communicating hydrocephalus (obstruction of CSF absorption)

27
Q

What sinus thrombosis used to be the result of otitis media/mastoiditis?

A

Right lateral sinus thrombosis

28
Q

What sinus thrombosis occurs as a result of infections of paranasal sinuses, face, nose or mouth?

A

Cavernous sinuses

29
Q

What type of hematoma appears biconvex on CT imaging?

A

Epidural hematoma

30
Q

What type of hematoma is crescent shaped on CT imaging?

A

Subdural hematoma

31
Q

What medication should be given in acute spinal cord injury?

A

IV methylprednisolone

32
Q

Which cranial nerve injury would cause ptosis?

A

CN III

33
Q

What syndrome is caused by hypoplastic of the facial nucleus leading to ocular abduction impairment?

A

Moebius syndrome

34
Q

What is the other name for the jaw winking phenomenon?

A

Marcus Gunn phenomenon

Neurology (3 decks)

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