Congenital abnormalities and foetal wellbeing: Flashcards
List the 3 most common congenital abnormalities:
1) Neural tube defects
2) Congenital cardiac defects
3) Downs
List 3 types of neural tube defects:
- anencephaly
- Microcephaly
- Spina bifida (can survive but could lead to paraplegia and bowel+bladder incontinence, normal intelligence)
What can be given to prevent neural tube defects?
Folic acid - good effect
What two conditions are commonly associated with cardiac abnormalities?
- Oligohyramnios
- IUGR
List 5 congenital cardiac abnormalities:
- VSD
- ASD
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Aortic stenosis
- Coarctation of aorta
- Transposition of great vessels
- Tetralogy of Fallot
List 2 abdominal wall defects:
- Exomphalos
- Gastroschisis
(in both cases the bowel extrudes the abdominal wall)
List 3 chromosomal congenital abnormalities:
- Downs
- Edwards
- Pataus
Give 5 clinical risk factors for congenital abnormalities in late pregnancy:
1) Persistent breech presentation or abnormal lie
2) Vaginal bleeding
3) Abnormal foetal movements
4) abnormal amniotic fluid volume
5) IUGR
List 5 investigations you could perform if you suspect congenital abnormalities:
- US
- Doppler
- CVS
- Amniocentesis
- Nucheal translucency
- Amniotic fluid volume (US)
How many stages of labour are there?
3
What occurs during the first stage of labour?
The cervix relaxes causing it to dilate and thin out.
What occurs during the second stage of labour and when does it start/end?
Uterine contractions increase in strength and the infant is delivered.
From complete cervical dilation (10cm) until baby birth.
What should be done before encouraging the woman to bear down?
Vaginal examination to confirm cervical dilation and presenting part
What are the normal durations of second stage of labour?
2hrs - nulliparous
1hr - multiparous
(add 1 hr if had epidural)
Why is the supine position usually avoided during birth?
Due to risk of supine hypotensive syndrome