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Geography A2 > Conflicts > Flashcards

Conflicts Flashcards

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1
Q

5 causes of conflicts

A 
Identity
Ethnicity
Culture
Territory
Ideology
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2
Q

Causes of conflict : Identity

A

Sense of belonging to a group or area where there is a generic character or similarity with personality

Nationalism – loyalty and devotion to nation – exalting that nation above all others where its cultures and interests are above others

Regionalism- loyalty to distinct region – can lead to separation of political or social systems

Localism- affection for a particular place- rarely in a political sense but demonstrated by ‘nimbyism’ (not in my back yard) : when people are reluctant to have their area affected by development for the national good

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3
Q

Causes of conflict : Ethnicity

A

The grouping of people according to their ethnic origins or characteristics

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4
Q

Causes of conflict : Culture

A

A set of customary beliefs, social norms and traits of racial, religious or social groups along with attitudes, values and practices

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5
Q

Causes of conflict : Territory

A

The geographical area you belong to – conflict arises when there is disagreement as to who should have authority to an area or resource

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6
Q

Causes of conflict : Ideology

A

A systematic body of concepts regarding human life, culture or religion

Can result in a set of integrated assertions theories and aims that together constitute a socio-political programmes, e.g. western views of democracy and alternative views of the Taliban

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7
Q

4 Patterns of Conflict

A

International
National
Regional
Local

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8
Q

International Conflict

A

Where conflict involves more than one country

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9
Q

National Conflict

A

Within one country

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10
Q

Local Conflict

A

Conflict is restricted to one region or area of a country

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11
Q

The UN

A

Monitoring, Elections and Humanitarian Relief

3 Main Areas

  1. Conflict prevention and resolution
  2. Sustainable development
  3. Human Rights

Icludes FAO + WHO

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12
Q

Ways in which conflict is resolved

A

Discussion + debate

Pressure + political groups

Campaigning

Passage of legislation

Action by international organisations

Cease fires

Peace talks or harsher war

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13
Q

Cause of conflict : Explanation and Example : Landlocked countries

A

Need to cross into other countries to trade

South Sudan

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14
Q

Cause of conflict : Explanation and Example : Access to Water

A

Interpretation of water shed lines

Removal Upstream

Use of water as a border

USA western states

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15
Q

Cause of conflict : Explanation and Example : Minority groups

A

Separation

Historical homeland may not agree with border

Seasonal movement of people of people

Kurdistan

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16
Q

Cause of conflict : Explanation and Example : Resources

A

Resources of international important - e.g oil

Syria

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17
Q

4 stages of conflict spectrum

A

Conflict Avoidance

Assertive

Action

Armed Conflict

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18
Q

Conflict Avoidance

A

Discuss peacefully and debate

Ignore difference of views

Seek democracy

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19
Q

Assertive

A

Seek wider support and try an negotiate

Lobby for political power and influence

Use third party to try and resolve disputes

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20
Q

Action

A

Take direct action or violent action

Use legal system to improve a solution

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21
Q

Armed Conflict

A

Insurrection and armed conflict

War

Threats to force a solution

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22
Q

Market Processes

A

Where the organisation takes priority by paying the going rate.

Often, objectors cannot afford to outbid the developer, so it goes ahead with little consultation – right to propose arguments but not appeal

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23
Q

Planning Processes : Local Authority

A

Listen to community

Listen to the organisation

Have overall control

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24
Q

Planning Processes : Refusal from local authority

A

Refusal may lead to appeal by the developer - to a local planning committee or a higher body – e.g. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)

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25
Q

Why are planning processes more costly

A

Modifications to compensate the opposition

If additional provision is needed- roads may need to be built etc. and staff

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26
Q

Planning committees weigh up what when making a decision

A

Gains from the proposal against negative aspects

Conflicts between differing groups

The wider benefits vs local

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27
Q

Who is For T5

A

BAA/BA

Major London Business

Trade Unions

Local Employees

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28
Q

Who is Against T5

A

Local Residence

13 London borough councils

HACAN (Heathrow Association for the Control of Aircraft Noise)

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29
Q

For argument of T5

A

Air travel growth

Reputation of long queues

European Competition

Global Hub- business routes

Local Economy - jobs

Investment to London

Tourism

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30
Q

Air travel growth T5

A

Air travel growth - 70% increase between 91-00, worlds busiest airport

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31
Q

European competition T5

A

Frankfurt, Paris + Amsterdam catching up and expanding

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32
Q

Local Economy T5

A

– T5 would employ up to 20,000 people, contribute £3 Bn contributor

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33
Q

Tourism T5

A

worth £10 Bn to economy, £1.5 Bn less without T5

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34
Q

Arguments against T5

A

Economic contribution overstated

Heavily subsidized

Airlines pay nothing towards noise and air pollution

HACAN say that transfers don’t contribute to economy and just benefit BAA and BA

Noise Pollution

Largest structure on green belt to get larger

Pressure on M25

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35
Q

Aviation Contribution

A

Aviation contribution is overstated as the 26th biggest industry

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36
Q

Subsided airlines

A

airlines pay no VAT for fuel, unpaid tax worth £16 Bn by 2020

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37
Q

Noise Pollution

A

WHO target 50Db as a heathy maximum, but it is between 57-72Db locally

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38
Q

Who are the Israelis?

A

Began as a homeland for Jewish people

Religious ties to the area , a lot of migration from
Jews from Russia and Europe after discrimination

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39
Q

Who are the Palestinians

A

Mostly Muslim Arabs

60s – violent attacks against Israel – 11 athletes killed in Germany Olympics ‘72

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40
Q

Israel Historical Background : Before WW1

A

Ruled by Turkish Ottoman Empire before WW1

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41
Q

Israel Historical Background : Between the wars

A

Britain took control during various times of trouble between Arabs and Jews

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42
Q

Israel Historical Background : After WW2

A

After WW2 Britain let the UN decide to turn Palestine into two countries the Arabs and the Jews

Since the Jewish leaders accepted and the Arab leaders didn’t, in 1948 the state of Israel was declared, with support from the West

43
Q

Israel Historical Background : After 1948

A

War broke out between Arab nations and Israel

Formal war ended after months of intensive fighting and international diplomacy

44
Q

Israel Historical Background : The Start Of The Current Conflict

A

1987- beginning of demonstrations against Israel

Peace talks began in the 90s and Israel withdrew from the West Bank + Gaza

The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) agreed to stop attacks, but the uprising started again in 2001 when peace talks failed

45
Q

Israel Historical Background : Occupied Territories

A

After ’48 war, Egypt took control on the Gaza strip and Jordan the West Bank

‘67- Israel captured these areas and started to set up Jewish settlements (illegal by international law)

Aug/Sep ‘05 – Israel withdrew its settlers from the areas but they were still in control of borders and airspace – unpopular with settled Israelis

46
Q

Gaza Strip

A

1 million official, but many Arab refugees, stop the area from being as economically prosperous as its history

Economy crippled by international boycott, very over crowded as well and high unemployment – Israel withhold tax revenues

Young population with no hope- 50% under 17

47
Q

2007/08 Israel : Elections

A

2006 Palestine elections were held by the international community

Winning party Hamas, a radical Islamist group who don’t recognise the state of Israel

USA, Israel and Europe refused to acknowledge the result, imposing sanctions of Palestine

48
Q

2007/08 Israel : Gunmen loyalty

A

Gunmen are loyal to either the President or the Hamas prime minister, leading to conflict – crippling investment and preventing people from leaving their homes

49
Q

2007/08 Israel Intervention into Palestine

A

Israel conducts air strikes on Hamas but Gaza is so crowded, many civilians injured or dead

Raids into refugee camps in search for terrorists

Nothing has stopped rocket fire from Hamas

50
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Economic Impacts

A

Lack of Development and Trade

Loss in Income

Cost of War

Poverty Increase

51
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Economic Impacts : Lack of Development

A

(244 schools damaged)

41% unemployment in Gaza compared to 6% in Israel

52
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Economic Impacts : Cost Of War

A

Estimated $40 billion loss in income opportunity to Palestine, total cost of war = $12trillion, over last 2 decades

53
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Economic Impacts : Poverty

A

Poverty more than double from 91-07

54
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Environmental Impacts

A

Over pumping in Israel= less water

Rubbish dumped from Israel to Palestine

Building of the wall destroying tens of thousands of trees

55
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Environmental Impacts : Water

A

Over pumping by Israel leaves Palestine with 60 litres a day, compared to Israel’s 280 and the 100 litres WHO say is appropriate

The building of the wall means Palestine will lose 18% of their share of the water basin

56
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Environmental Impacts : Waste

A

Tons of rubbish is dumped in Palestine a day to avoid strict environmental laws in Israel – 50 million litres of raw sewages pumped into sea a day

57
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Social Impacts

A

Refugees

Deaths

Human rights groups argue that the Israeli army treat Arabs harshly – road checkpoint – many feel like that are in a prison

West Bank Barrier - Palestinians hate the border, it even prevents them from using their farmland

58
Q

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict : Social Impacts Refugees and deaths

A

4 Million Palestinians refugees, many living in camps in Syria, Jordan and Lebanon

Over 25000 deaths since 1970

59
Q

Ethnic Segregation

A

Ethnic segregation is the clustering together of people with similar ethnic or cultural characteristics

60
Q

Foreign Population of UK

A

In 2006 foreign population increased to 5 million from 4.3 in 2001

61
Q

Migration to the UK Since the Nineteenth Century

A

19th Century - Jewish Arrivals escaping persecution and Irish escaping poverty

30s/40s - Jews escape WW2

48-60s - Carobbean workers to build post-war Britain

50s-60s - India, Pakistan + Bangladesh seeking work

70s - Vietnam and Uganda escaping war and persecution

80s-90s - European refugees from Yugoslavia

00s - Migration caused my enlargement of EU

62
Q

What does multicultural mean?

A

Multicultural means that significant numbers of people differ from the majority in terms of language, customs, food, attire, religion

It can also refer to:
The extent to which new migrant accept that they are ‘British’
The number of different types of community (enclaves) in one area
The extent to which people are ‘different’, not just religiously and ethnically

63
Q

Multicultural Policies : Separation

A

Because people of different ethnicities have little in common, people should be separate to avoid conflict. = Apartheid till 1994 in South Africa and ‘White Australia’ in the 60s

64
Q

Multicultural Policies : Assimilation

A

Expects new migrants to lose their distinctiveness and adopt the culture of the host country.- Denmark and USA

65
Q

Multicultural Policies : Pluralism

A

Expects ethnic groups to participate and contribute to their host country yet maintain their identity. : Singapore

66
Q

Issues related to Multicultural Societies : Housing

A

Concentration of multiply occupancy renting in inner-city terraces within the poorer areas (due to cheap labour areas) with initial immigration and concentrations grow as migrants see this area as attractive culturally

Minorities also struggle to gain mortgages and can struggle to find accommodation due to discrimination and are disproportionate in social housing

67
Q

Issues related to Multicultural Societies : Education

A

Special English lessons for students and parents

Schools are created for religious reasons - very rare, its more often that school meals and timetables are changes instead

68
Q

Issues related to Multicultural Societies : Healthcare

A

In history there were issues with immunisation but integration means that this is no longer common

69
Q

Issues related to Multicultural Societies : Language + Culture

A

Employment is difficult without English

Conflict within ethnic communities due to some changing language or culture

70
Q

Issues related to Multicultural Societies : Religion

A

Adhering to religious calendars and practises conflicts with employers, authorities and nationalists

71
Q

Distribution of Cultural Groups - London

A

major urban areas of the country particularly London (1.8 migrants)

50% of migrants live in London

London, 60% of Caribbean population, 50% of Bangladeshi, 80% of Black African

72
Q

Distribution of Cultural Groups - Asian

A

Large concentration of Indian ethnicity in the midlands due to labour intensive industry in the 50s/60s

Pakistani : Bradford, Leeds and Birmingham

Bangladeshi : Luton, Oldham and Birmingham

China distributed all over

73
Q

Distribution of Cultural Groups - enclaves

A

Enclaves are concentrated ethnic communities, consisting of businesses, residents, religious buildings and community institutions

Enclave was describe by Portes and Wilson (1980) : tight community of buyers and sellers

74
Q

Nature of Separatism

A

Separatism is the splitting of people or groups from the larger majority

The feeling of being alienated by the central government, seeking to gain more control

75
Q

Reasons for Separatism

A

Economic variation

Separate language or culture

Religious differences

Local resources

Geographical distance from economic and political core

Weakening of state means people may way to rule themselves

Strengthening of supranational bodies, such as the EU, giving groups more opportunity to develop Autonomy – (the right to self-government)

76
Q

5 Dimensions of a nation

A

Psychological - must exist in peoples minds

Cultural –must understand each other, through language and customs

Historical – history tells citizens that the nation existed before them and will exist after, highlights its strength

Territory – fights for sacristy and history of territory

Political – People must be making their own decisions or will seek autonomy

77
Q

New nations envourage nationalism by

A

Particularly new nations, encourage nationalism to create unity between individuals, regardless of wealth etc. : e.g. pledging allegiance to US flag

The negative side to this is exclusion and xenophobia

78
Q

Increasingly more extreme stages of seperatism

A

Establishment of maintenance of separate societies - Bretons in France

Protection Of Language - Welsh and Catalan

Growth of Separatist political parties - SNP

Terrorist Violence - Basques

Civil war - Tamil Tigers

79
Q

History of the Kurds

A

Kurds have occupied the area for several thousand years

Originally small kingdoms and tribes

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire the land was French and English

After the first world war, a Kurdish state was planned but Turkish nationalist won British support due to their knowledge of oil reserves

80
Q

Facts about Kurds

A

Largest stateless nation – 40 Million

Mostly Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria – all against a Kurdish state

81
Q

Reasons for Kurd Separatism

A

Language

Culture

Land

Oppressed (economically as well)

Poorly looked after particularly schools

82
Q

All Kurdish nations against for why

A

A new Kurdistan would disrupt their national security and balance of power

If one country allowed independence it would unsettle Kurds in the other countries

No intention of giving up land to create another rival

Valuable oil deposits

83
Q

Kurds and Turkey

A

PKK are a violent group who are known for kidnapping tourists, bombing and attacks

Turkey responded by destroying over 3000 Kurdish villages and land to stop financial support

Funded from Kurds across the world – 400,00 in Germany

The EU supports independence to create a safer country if Turkey should join

84
Q

Kurds and Iran

A

6 million

Kurds fought against Iran in the Iran-Iraq war

Iranian government massacred people as a result

100,000 troops against Pro-Kurd demonstrations in 05

85
Q

Kurds and Iraq

A

With some Kurds helping Iran in the war, Suddam Hussein executed over 180,000 Kurds and bombed villages with chemical gas

Hussein deported 250,000 from a district which produces 70% of Iraq’s Oil

Times have been better since then : 2003 collapse

86
Q

Kurds and Syria

A

Illegal to teach in Kurdish

1961- 100,000 stripped of citizenship, land was given to Arab settlers

87
Q

Kurds and US

A

Against Kurd independence because they do not want to destabilise Iraq

88
Q

Bradford 76-24

A

‘76 – 24 arrested when Asian youths confronted National Front

89
Q

Bradford ‘81

A

’81 - 12 young Asians used petrol bombs as self-defence against racists

90
Q

Bradford ‘01

A

‘01- Bradford riots 2 stabbed, 36 arrested – cost of £7m

91
Q

Bradford Now

A

Conflict is still rife in this area and many will argue it has resulted in more segregation with separate schools and businesses for Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus

92
Q

Basque Separatist Movement 1968

A

900 people have died in the conflict

One of the oldest ethnic groups in Europe

Separate language

Use of language was banned by Franco, who led Spain until 1975, everything was suppressed for 40 years

The ETA was formed and declared war on Spain in the 60s – very violent campaign

In 1979 a referendum mean that they were allowed their own parliament but attacks continue

93
Q

Uganda Debt Cancellation

A

The HIPC initiative cancelled $2Bn worth of debts in 2005

40% more spending on Education, 70% on Healthcare

Primary school is free with rates from 60% in 2002 to 93% in 2006

20% fewer girls in primary schools in 2000, now pretty much even

2.2 million more have access to clean drinking water

LE Increased by 20 years in 16 years

94
Q

Timor-Leste

A

East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal in 1975 but was invaded by Indonesia just 9 days later

Over 100,000 conflict related deaths

1999- UN sponsored referendum gave a majority to East Timor

Anti-Independence groups were funded by Indonesia and killed thousands destroying 70% of Infrastructure

A lot of displacement of people

Internationally recognized in 2002

95
Q

Orange Revolution

A

A series of protests in 2004 and 2005

Aftermath of Ukrainian presidential election, claimed to be corrupt, with voter intimidation

Thousands of protesters in Kiev daily

Under intense scrutiny by domestic and international observers, a second election was held and the opposition, Yushchenko won on 52%

In 2010 the original (Yanukovych) succeeded the opposition

In 2014 Yanukovych was back out of power following clashes where 100 died

96
Q

What are the MDGs

A

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

  • Reduce people living on less than a dollar a day by half
  • Half world hunger

Achieve universal primary education

Promote Gender Equality

Improve maternal health

Combat hiv/aids and malaria

Ensure environmental sustainability

  • Integrate sustainability into development projects
  • Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable water
  • Significantly improve slum SOL by 2020

Global Partnership for development

97
Q

Origins of Global debt

A

In the 60s European colonies were handed back, and countries were keen for investment in economic growth

70s- oil prices raised twice, money was invested into western banks

Banks lent money to developing countries for development and the finance conflict

80s- interest rates doubled, and many countries were unable to pay the money back

Structural Adjustment Packages were created to make debts more affordable given the country cut down on spending

More inequality due to austerity

98
Q

HIPC Initiative

A

Reductions in debt under agreements with the G8, meaning those countries which qualified were paying $1.5 billion less each year

To qualify the country must demonstrate good financial management with a lack of corruption and the money save must be spent of development

99
Q

Progress in achieving the MDGs

A

41 million more children in primary school

Odds on a woman dying during pregnancy are 1in 16 in SSA and 1 in 3800 in developed world
1Bn still living on less than a dollar a day

100
Q

Demographic Background of Afghanistan

A

Population growth shows its certainly in stage 2

Largely subsistence farming

45% under 15

High infant mortality and fertility rate -6.8

3 million died in wars since 1988

6 million emigrated
Land has potential but best land is used for growing illegal heroin poppy seeds

Taliban control in 1996, meant very few women are educated, problems like male doctors unable to treat women because they are not allowed to touch them

101
Q

Political Background of Afghanistan

A

Foreign armies have fought over the land for century’s

Terrain and ethic, regional and religious rivalries make it difficult for Kabul to take charge

102
Q

History of Afghnistan since 1996

A

1996- Taliban seize control of Kabul and introduce hard-line version of Islam

1997- Taliban recognised as rulers, controlling 2/3

1998- US launches missiles to bases of Bin Laden who was accused of bombing US embassies in Africa

2001- Leader of Taliban opposition is assassinated, 9/11, US declare war when the Taliban refuse to hand over Bin Laden

2003- NATO takes control of Kabul

2004- Presidential elections

2009- More troops

2011- US burning of the Koran creates wide spread protest with UN workers killed

2014- US and Uk end combat in Afghanistan

2015- Afghan forces are in control

103
Q

No development without security

A

One aim of deploying forces to Afghanistan is to create better security to allow development for example transportation is restored.

In one district of Afghanistan, there was enough aid from Britain for each person to have ¼ of their annual age, but there is very little evidence of any money actually trickling down to them

Only a heavy security presence can prevent farmers turning to Opium growing, 60% of the economy

104
Q

No security without development

A

The country doesn’t have enough money to operate a modern democracy

1 in 10 Afghan teachers has their wages paid by the British tax payer

Afghan government is concerned that too much is being spent on the war against drugs and not enough on security and development - $10 million- UK photography to get information about land-use

With no future people are far more likely to turn towards extremism, therefore a country becomes less secure

Geography A2 (5 decks)

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