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Conflicts Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a challenge?

A

A task or issue that is perceived as being provocative, threatening or an incitement to debate.

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1
Q

What is a conflict?

A

It is a state of disagreement over an actual or perceived incompatibility of goals, needs, desires, values and or beliefs.

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2
Q

Causes of Conflict?

A
  1. Identity (the sense of belonging to a group or geographical area)
  2. Ethnicity (the grouping of people according to their ethnic origins)
  3. Culture (the customary beliefs)
  4. Territory/Resources (a geographical area belonging to, or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority)
  5. Ideology (a systematic body of concepts regarding human life/culture)
    - conflict is usually caused my a number of reasons.
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3
Q

What are the scales of conflict?

A
  1. Local
  2. Regional
  3. National
  4. International
  5. Non-violent
  6. Political Activity
  7. Terrorism
  8. War
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4
Q

Give an example of Religion and Culture as a reason for conflict? (Hijabs in France)

A

Hijabs in France:
- France is mainly Catholic but has a Muslim population of about 5-6 million people.
- Tensions have arisen through France’s policy of secularism. (Laictie)
- The headscarf has long been banned in Nichols as a religious symbol.
- 2004: Sarkozy banned head scarfs in ID photos, public schools and government buildings
-2008: Sarkozy began a national debate on being French.
11 April 2011: it becomes full law that full face coverings are banned in public places.
->Anti Islam tensions arising: In 2012, 450 anti-Muslim attacks occurred.

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5
Q

What are the geographical levels of decision making?

A
  1. Local community (town council)
  2. Local regions (county council)
  3. National regions (National Assemblies)
  4. UK (Central Government)
  5. Europe (The European Union)
  6. Global (The United Nations)
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6
Q

What are the three ways to resolve conflict?

A
  1. Negotiation (involves discussing issues with the aim of producing an agreement)
  2. Diplomacy (the negotiation between countries)
  3. Mediation (involves the groups at conflict meeting with a mediator - an independent 3rd party)
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7
Q

Give an example of a local conflict?

A

Newbury Bypass - located in Berkshire, South East England, 52 miles from London.

The bypass was proposed to solve traffic problems and decrease the amount of road accidents.

  • In 1980 50,000 vehicles per day passed through Newbury.
  • in 1982 four possible routes for a new bypass were proposed to reduce traffic through the town centre.
  • In 1984 the Uk Department of Transport chose the western route, which required building an additional 13.5km of road.
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8
Q

What were the positives of the Newbury Bypass?

A
  1. Reduced congestion (10,000 cars per year fewer)
  2. Reduced amount of road accidents causing casualties (reduction of 30%)
  3. Enables locals to get to work on time and goers from outside the area swift movement past Newbury.
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9
Q

What were the negatives of the Newbury Bypass?

A
  1. It crossed 12 archeological sites, two battlefield sites and 6 country wildlife sites.
  2. It would fell 10,000 trees
  3. Destroy habitats and potentially increase pollution around local area.
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10
Q

What did people do to challenge the Newbury Bypass?

A
  1. Local residents formed groups e.g SPEWBY which submitted reports to the public consultation in 1982.
  2. In 1994 the Third Battle of Newbury Group was established.( this group gained the support of national organisations and wrote protest letters to the government and EU commission)
  3. Direct Action protests were held: 30 camps were set up and 8,000 people marched along 3km of road.
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11
Q

What were the effects of the Israel-Palestine Conflict?

A

Economic impacts:
GNI per capita: $19,000 (Israel) $1400 (Palestine) - disparity between two nations.
Unemployment: 8% (Israel) 40% (Palestine)
700 businesses destroyed

Social impacts:
Palestine increasingly reliant on aid
641 schools destroyed (harms future)
IMR 2x higher than Israel 
Poverty rare 5x higher in Palestine
4 million Palestinians living in refugee camps.
4,000 houses destroyed
1,400 Palestinians died in Operation Cast Lead.
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12
Q

When did Israel seize control of the West Bank and Gaza?

A

1967

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13
Q

What happened at the 1972 Munich Olympics?

A

Palestinians killed 11 Israeli athletes.

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14
Q

What was the first Intifada 1987-1993?

A

It was an unarmed Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories.

Caused 160 Israeli deaths and 2,200 Palestinian deaths.

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15
Q

What was the Second Intifada 2000-2005?

A

It was the second Palestinian Uprising against Israeli occupation.

Caused 1,000 Israeli deaths and 3,000 Palestinian deaths.

16
Q

What caused the Darfur conflict?

A
  1. Tensions began between the non-Arab (rebels) and the Arabs (Government).
  2. There had always been tension and conflicts between nomadic Arabs in Darfur and the black African farmers over land + grazing rights.
    - Nature of conflict primarily over resources.
  3. In Feb 2003: Rebel groups attacked government troops after allegations of the government carrying out apartheid.
17
Q

Who were the non-Arab rebel groups involved in the Darfur conflict?

A

The Justice & enforcement Movement (JEM)

The Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA)

18
Q

Who were the Janjaweed?

A

They are a pro-government nomadic Arab group, who are supposedly funded by the Sudanese government.

19
Q

What has been done to resolve the Darfur conflict?

A

2004: The African Union, peacekeeping force, entered the region.
2006: A ceasefire between government and the SLA was agreed (but was rejected by JEM)
Feb 2010: A ceasefire between the government and JEM was agreed (but shortly after was JEM accused the government of carrying out air strikes and so boycotted further negotiations)

20
Q

What have been the main causes of the Darfur Conflict?

A
  1. The conflict was caused primarily by disagreements over local resources (land and grazing rights).
  2. However it has developed and is now part of a wider conflict related to political power, control of natural resources (oil) and religious and ethnic difference play a huge part.
21
Q

What were the impacts of the Darfur Conflict?

A

Social:

  1. 300,000 died
  2. 3.5 million people reliant on international aid for survival.
  3. Around 3 million refugees (200,000 of these fled to Chad) - has led to tensions in Chad to strain on resources.

Economic:
Cost of war in the billions
Widespread poverty
Sudan’s development as a nation has been hindered
Unemployment (children likely to get caught up in the conflict)

Environmental:
Desertification occurring around refugee camps
Local resources under extreme pressure
50,000 tress felled each year.

22
Q

Where do the vast majority of immigrant to the UK settle?

A

Industrial cities and towns, due to there being a demand for workers e.g Birmingham and Manchester

23
Q

What is chain migration?

A

It is when immigrants move to the same areas and set up communities of ethnic minorities.

24
Q

What has caused ethnic minority populations to spread out across the UK?

A
  1. The decline in traditional industries in the late 20th century has led to high unemployment in old industrial towns, causing people to relocate to areas with better employment prospects.
  2. Many have settled in their university town/city.
  3. Inter-marriage between different ethnic groups can cause them to leave established communities.
25
Q

What is a multicultural society?

A

It is a society that contains people from many different national, cultural, religious and linguistic backgrounds.

26
Q

Which ethnic group migrated to the UK in the 1930s-40s?

A

Jews and Poles - escaping persecution before and during WW2

-> legislation allows people from the Empire/Commonwealth unhindered rights to enter the UK.

27
Q

Which ethnic group migrated to the UK in the period 1948-60s?

A
  1. Empire Windrush docked in Tilbury on 22nd June 1948 carrying 492 passengers from the West Indies who came due to labour shortages in Britain post-WW2.
  2. New laws in the 1950s allowed previous British Empire members access to the UK without a visa e.g Indians, Pakistanis and Kenyans.
  3. In 1960s 60,000 Indians and Pakistanis moved to the UK.
28
Q

What are the economic and social positives of multiculturalism?

A

Economic:

  1. Migrants bring business links and investment
  2. In 2002 migrants brought £2.5bn to the UK.
  3. A 1% increase in population from migration created a 1.5% increase in GDP.
  4. 12% of the UK’s working age are migrants - boosting the UK’s economy by £6bn per year.

Social

  1. Migrants diversify cultural life e.g Notting Hill Carnival
  2. A better understanding and tolerance of different cultures.
29
Q

What are the economic and social negatives of multiculturalism?

A

Economic:
The impact of migrants is not evenly spread- biggest impact is in London, least in South West of England.
Where there are high levels of unemployment, racial tensions arise.

Social:
Increased ethnic tensions e.g riots in Brixton, 1981and Oldham + Bradford 2001.
Impacts on schools are severe with staff resources being spread thinly.

Geography (3 decks)

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