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History > Conflict & Tension > Flashcards

Conflict & Tension Flashcards

1
Q

What were Lloyd George’s aims?

A
  • Didn’t want punish Germany too harshly, however the public wanted harsh treatment.
  • Wanted to trade with Germany to create jobs.
  • Was pushed by parliament and the for a harsh peace.
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2
Q

What were Georges Clemenceau’s aims?

A
  • France suffered massively, 2/3 of army killed/injured.
  • Wanted to cripple Germany because was worried about their growing power/economy
  • Wanted Germany to split up
  • Had strong influence by the French public for a harsh peace
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3
Q

What were President Wilson’s aims?

A
  • Germany should not be punished
  • Nations should co-operate
  • 14 points for peace
  • Self-determination for nations
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4
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

A
  • 100,000 soldiers, six battleships no airships
  • £6.6 billion in reparations
  • All colonies taken away
  • Not allowed to join with Austria
  • Saar taken and given to league to control
  • Rhineland demilitarised
  • Loss of land to Poland and France
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5
Q

Impact/reactions of the Treaty.

A
  • Germany was horrified: 10% land lost, all colonies gone, 12% population lost, 16% coal lost.
  • War guilt: Germany took full blame
  • Germany forced to disarm, but allies didn’t
  • Germany lost land while UK & France increased land
  • Wilson’s 14 points not reflected in treaty.
  • Clemenceau: voted out for being too soft
  • Lloyd George believed another war would happen
  • Wilson: unhappy he had little input in final treaty
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6
Q

What was the treaty in Austria?

A
  • Treaty of Saint Germain (10th Sep 1919)
  • 30,000 volunteers only for an army, no navy, reparations agreed, but never set
  • Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania created.
  • Austro-Hungarian empire dismantled
  • Austria went bankrupt
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7
Q

What was the treaty in Hungary?

A
  • Treaty of Trianon (4th June 1920)
  • 35,000 volunteers, reparations, dismantled
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8
Q

What was the treaty in Bulgaria?

A
  • Treaty of Neuilly (27th Nov 1919)
  • 20,000 volunteers, no air force, reparations, land to Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece
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9
Q

What was the treaty in Turkey?

A
  • Treaty of Sèvres (10th Aug 1920)
  • 50,000 soldiers, land lost and given to UK/France
  • Later caused a rebellion
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10
Q

What were the new states?

A

The treaties created new nation-states:
- Czechoslovakia
- Hungarians in Hungary
- Austrians in Austria
- Poles in Poland
- Slavs in Yugoslavia

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11
Q

What were some problems with self determination?

A
  • Self-determination caused small wars
  • Self-determination was not allowed for germany
  • Smaller weaker countries were created, which Hitler easily conquered later
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12
Q

League of Nations: Formation.

A
  • Set up under Treaty of Versailles
  • Wilson’s idea
  • Aims: stop wars, disarmament, help people and tackle disease
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13
Q

League of Nations: Initial strengths

A
  • Set up by ToV, which every nation has signed
  • Had 58 nations as member by 1930s
  • Could offer arbitration through Court of International Justice, or apply trade sanctions against countries that went to war
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14
Q

League of Nations: Initial weaknesses

A
  • Set up by ToV, which every nation hated
  • Aims were too ambitious
  • Germany, Russia and the USA not members
  • No army
  • Organisation was cumbersome
  • Decisions had to be unanimous
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15
Q

League of Nations: Covenant

A
  • Was set up by the first 26 clauses of the Treaty of Versailles called ‘The Covenant if the League of Nations’
  • e.g. Article 11: The League shall… safeguard the peace of nations
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16
Q

League of Nations: Organisation

A
  • An assembly, which met once a year
  • A council which met regularly to consider crises.
  • A small secretariat to handle the paperwork
  • A court of international justice
  • Committees such as the International Labour Organisation and the Health Committee to carry out humanitarian work
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17
Q

League of Nations: Membership

A
  • 58 members by 1930
  • Germany eventually joined in 1926
  • No America and Russia was a great setback
  • Counties could leave at will: Germany, Italy and Japan
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18
Q

League of Nations: Agencies

A
  • Assembly
  • Court of International justice
  • The council
  • Labour organisation
  • Committees; refugees, slavery, health
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19
Q

League Successes 1920s

A
  • Took 400,000 prisoners of wat home.
  • Set up refugee camps after 1922 war between Turkey and Greece.
  • Health Committee worked against leprosy and malaria
  • Attacked slave owners in Burma and Sierra Leone, setting free 200,000 slaves
  • Held plebiscite and suggested a partition, which stopped a war between Germany and Poland
  • It arbitrated between Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands in 1921: investigation showed it belonged to Finland
  • Greece invaded Bulgaria in 1925, League said withdraw, Greece said yah
20
Q

League failures 1920s

A
  • 1920: Poland captured Viina (capital of Lithuania) and refused to withdraw when league said to: League could do nothing
  • Italy occupied Corfu. Greece asked for help, League ordered Mussolini to leave—but Conference of Ambassadors overruled the League and forced Greece to pay compensation to Italy.
  • France invaded Ruhr in 1923 when Germans did not pay reparations; League was not consulted.
  • Failed to persuade members countries to adopt a 48-hour week.
21
Q

1925: Locarno

A

Germany, USSR, Britain and France: agreed not to invade each other and respect borders—NO PROMISE of eastern borders

22
Q

1928: Kellogg Briand

A
  • 61 countries signed this pact
  • Promised not to go to war
  • America got involved
  • 1929 depression destroyed this good will
23
Q

1929: Depression

A
  • Most countries had borrowed from the USA and therefore suffered
  • Japan and Germany economy badly hit
  • Pushed USA out of world affairs: weakened LoN
  • Britain badly hit, wasn’t badly hit so wasn’t fully supporting LoN
  • Depression also encouraged Mussolini in Italy to be more aggressive
24
Q

1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
How did it start?

A
  • Sep 1931: Japanese claimed Chinese soldiers had sabotaged railway in Korea, which Japan controlled
  • Japan attacked and by Feb 1932 has brutally conquered Manchuria.
25
Q

1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
What happened to Shanghai?

A
  • Jan-March 1932: Japan attacked and captured the city of Shanghai in China.
  • In March 1932: China appealed to the League of Nations.
26
Q

1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
What did the League do?

A
  • April 1932: a League delegation led by Lord Lytton arrived in Manchuria to see what was happening.
  • October 1932: declared that Japan should leave.
  • Japan walked out of the league.
27
Q

1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
Was this a failure for the League?

A
  • Yes
  • League could not agree on sanctions.
  • Britain and France were not prepared to send an army.
  • Japanese stayed in Manchuria, but also invaded other parts of China
28
Q

1935: Abyssinian crisis
How’d it start?

A
  • Dec 1934: dispute between the border between Abyssinia and the Italian Somaliland flared into fighting.
29
Q

1935: Abyssinian crisis
How did the League help?

A
  • Jan 1935: Haile Selassie (emperor of Abyssinia) asked League to arbitrate.
  • July 1935: League banned arms sale to either sales.
  • Oct 1935: League’s committee said Italy should have some land in Abyssinia. Instead, Italy’s 100,000 strong army invaded Abyssinia.
30
Q

1935: Abyssinian crisis
Hoare-Laval Pact

A
  • Secret plan made by the foreign secretary of Britain and prime minister of France to give Abyssinia to France.
  • League did almost nothing.
  • May 1936: Italy had conquered Abyssinia
31
Q

What were Hitler’s aims?

A
  • Destroy Treaty of Versailles
  • Create a Greater Germany (a country of all the German people)
  • Lebensraum to conquer land for Germany in Eastern Europe
32
Q

What was the Dollfuss Affair?

A
  • Austrian Chancellor, Dollfuss, tried to crack down on Nazis.
  • Dollfuss banned the Nazi party.
  • 1934: Hitler ordered the Austrian Nazis to create havoc in Austria.
  • This turned into an attempt to overthrow the government.
  • Chancellor Dollfuss was murdered but the attempted coup failed.
33
Q

What was the Saar?

A
  • The people of Saar(which had been given to France) vote to return to Germany
  • 1935
34
Q

German rearmament (1935)

A
  • Hitler increases the size of the German army to half a million members
  • Britain, France and Italy do nothing
35
Q

Stresa Front

A

In response to Hitler breaking ToV rules, Italy, Britain and France agree to help eachother and stop Germany.
Was ignored as these countries made seperate deals with Germany.

36
Q

What was the Anglo-German Naval agreement?

A
  • Britain helps Germany break the Treaty of Versailles by signing an agreement to allow Germany a navy one-third the size of Britains
37
Q

Remilitarisation of the Rhineland

A
  • German troops re-occupy the Rhineland. They are given orders to retreat if France offers any resistance.
  • France does nothing.
38
Q

Anti-Comintern Pact

A
  • Alliance of Germany, Japan and Italy against communism + Mussolini and Hitler saw they had a lot in common
  • Later called the AXIs
39
Q

Anschluss

A
  • March 1938: Hitler occupies Austria.
  • Hitler encourages the Austrian Nazis to demand a union with Germany
  • He invades when Austrian chancellor announces a vote to see what Austrians want.
  • After invasion, Austrians vote 99% Yes
  • Britain anf France do nothing
  • Germany added 7 million people and 100,000 to an army.
40
Q

Appeasement: FOR

A
  • British wanted peace
  • Many of Hitler’s complaints seemed reasonable at the time (ToV)
  • Chamberlain wanted a strong Germany
  • Britain’s armed forces were not ready for a war
  • Many people admired Hitler
  • Chamberlain thought another war would destroy civilisation
41
Q

Appeasement: AGAINST

A
  • Gave Hitler the advantage
  • Was not right: Britain and France allowed Hitler to break international agreements, Appeasement was simply another word for weakness and cowardice.
  • Chamberlain misjudged Hitler
  • Appeasers missed excellent opportunities to stop Hitler, especially over the reocupation of the Rhineland
42
Q

What was the sudeten crisis?

A
  • Czechoslovakia had more than 3 million German speaking people
  • After Anschluss, Hitler wanted to take over Czechoslovakia, using Sudeten Germans as an excuse.
  • Hitler said Czech government was mistreating Germans who lived there.
  • Originally wanted the land where the Germans were, but then demanded all of Sudetenland.
43
Q

What was the Munich agreement?

A
  • September 1938
  • Britain, France and Italy decided Czech fate. They did not consult the USSR or Czechs.
  • They agreed to Hitler’s demands.
  • Hitler ‘promised’ no more aggression and gave Chamberlain a signed agreement.
44
Q

March 1939: Occupation of Czechoslovakia

A
  • German troops marched into Czechoslovakia. Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia was the end of appeasement because:
    • Proved Hitler had been lying at Munich
    • Hitler was not just interested in a ‘greater Germany’ (Czechs were not Germans)
    • March 17: Chamberlain gave a speech saying he could not trust Hitler not to invade other countries + Chamberlain guaranteed to defend Poland.
45
Q

What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

A
  • April 1939: Stalin suggested an alliance of Russia, France and Britain against Germany.
  • Negotiations dragged on into August because:
    • Chamberlain did not like communist Russia
    • Stalin did not trust that France and Britain would resist Germany.
  • 23 August 1939: Hitler made the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Stalin:
    • A promise not to go to war with each other and secretly promise to invade Poland and split it between them.
46
Q

Invasion of Poland

A
  • 1 September: Germany invaded Poland
  • 3 September: Britain and France declared war on Germany

History (2 decks)

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