Conflict & Tension Flashcards
1
Q
What were Lloyd George’s aims?
A
- Didn’t want punish Germany too harshly, however the public wanted harsh treatment.
- Wanted to trade with Germany to create jobs.
- Was pushed by parliament and the for a harsh peace.
2
Q
What were Georges Clemenceau’s aims?
A
- France suffered massively, 2/3 of army killed/injured.
- Wanted to cripple Germany because was worried about their growing power/economy
- Wanted Germany to split up
- Had strong influence by the French public for a harsh peace
3
Q
What were President Wilson’s aims?
A
- Germany should not be punished
- Nations should co-operate
- 14 points for peace
- Self-determination for nations
4
Q
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
A
- 100,000 soldiers, six battleships no airships
- £6.6 billion in reparations
- All colonies taken away
- Not allowed to join with Austria
- Saar taken and given to league to control
- Rhineland demilitarised
- Loss of land to Poland and France
5
Q
Impact/reactions of the Treaty.
A
- Germany was horrified: 10% land lost, all colonies gone, 12% population lost, 16% coal lost.
- War guilt: Germany took full blame
- Germany forced to disarm, but allies didn’t
- Germany lost land while UK & France increased land
- Wilson’s 14 points not reflected in treaty.
- Clemenceau: voted out for being too soft
- Lloyd George believed another war would happen
- Wilson: unhappy he had little input in final treaty
6
Q
What was the treaty in Austria?
A
- Treaty of Saint Germain (10th Sep 1919)
- 30,000 volunteers only for an army, no navy, reparations agreed, but never set
- Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania created.
- Austro-Hungarian empire dismantled
- Austria went bankrupt
7
Q
What was the treaty in Hungary?
A
- Treaty of Trianon (4th June 1920)
- 35,000 volunteers, reparations, dismantled
8
Q
What was the treaty in Bulgaria?
A
- Treaty of Neuilly (27th Nov 1919)
- 20,000 volunteers, no air force, reparations, land to Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece
9
Q
What was the treaty in Turkey?
A
- Treaty of Sèvres (10th Aug 1920)
- 50,000 soldiers, land lost and given to UK/France
- Later caused a rebellion
10
Q
What were the new states?
A
The treaties created new nation-states:
- Czechoslovakia
- Hungarians in Hungary
- Austrians in Austria
- Poles in Poland
- Slavs in Yugoslavia
11
Q
What were some problems with self determination?
A
- Self-determination caused small wars
- Self-determination was not allowed for germany
- Smaller weaker countries were created, which Hitler easily conquered later
12
Q
League of Nations: Formation.
A
- Set up under Treaty of Versailles
- Wilson’s idea
- Aims: stop wars, disarmament, help people and tackle disease
13
Q
League of Nations: Initial strengths
A
- Set up by ToV, which every nation has signed
- Had 58 nations as member by 1930s
- Could offer arbitration through Court of International Justice, or apply trade sanctions against countries that went to war
14
Q
League of Nations: Initial weaknesses
A
- Set up by ToV, which every nation hated
- Aims were too ambitious
- Germany, Russia and the USA not members
- No army
- Organisation was cumbersome
- Decisions had to be unanimous
15
Q
League of Nations: Covenant
A
- Was set up by the first 26 clauses of the Treaty of Versailles called ‘The Covenant if the League of Nations’
- e.g. Article 11: The League shall… safeguard the peace of nations
16
Q
League of Nations: Organisation
A
- An assembly, which met once a year
- A council which met regularly to consider crises.
- A small secretariat to handle the paperwork
- A court of international justice
- Committees such as the International Labour Organisation and the Health Committee to carry out humanitarian work
17
Q
League of Nations: Membership
A
- 58 members by 1930
- Germany eventually joined in 1926
- No America and Russia was a great setback
- Counties could leave at will: Germany, Italy and Japan
18
Q
League of Nations: Agencies
A
- Assembly
- Court of International justice
- The council
- Labour organisation
- Committees; refugees, slavery, health
19
Q
League Successes 1920s
A
- Took 400,000 prisoners of wat home.
- Set up refugee camps after 1922 war between Turkey and Greece.
- Health Committee worked against leprosy and malaria
- Attacked slave owners in Burma and Sierra Leone, setting free 200,000 slaves
- Held plebiscite and suggested a partition, which stopped a war between Germany and Poland
- It arbitrated between Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands in 1921: investigation showed it belonged to Finland
- Greece invaded Bulgaria in 1925, League said withdraw, Greece said yah
20
Q
League failures 1920s
A
- 1920: Poland captured Viina (capital of Lithuania) and refused to withdraw when league said to: League could do nothing
- Italy occupied Corfu. Greece asked for help, League ordered Mussolini to leave—but Conference of Ambassadors overruled the League and forced Greece to pay compensation to Italy.
- France invaded Ruhr in 1923 when Germans did not pay reparations; League was not consulted.
- Failed to persuade members countries to adopt a 48-hour week.
21
Q
1925: Locarno
A
Germany, USSR, Britain and France: agreed not to invade each other and respect borders—NO PROMISE of eastern borders
22
Q
1928: Kellogg Briand
A
- 61 countries signed this pact
- Promised not to go to war
- America got involved
- 1929 depression destroyed this good will
23
Q
1929: Depression
A
- Most countries had borrowed from the USA and therefore suffered
- Japan and Germany economy badly hit
- Pushed USA out of world affairs: weakened LoN
- Britain badly hit, wasn’t badly hit so wasn’t fully supporting LoN
- Depression also encouraged Mussolini in Italy to be more aggressive
24
Q
1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
How did it start?
A
- Sep 1931: Japanese claimed Chinese soldiers had sabotaged railway in Korea, which Japan controlled
- Japan attacked and by Feb 1932 has brutally conquered Manchuria.
25
Q
1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
What happened to Shanghai?
A
- Jan-March 1932: Japan attacked and captured the city of Shanghai in China.
- In March 1932: China appealed to the League of Nations.
26
Q
1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
What did the League do?
A
- April 1932: a League delegation led by Lord Lytton arrived in Manchuria to see what was happening.
- October 1932: declared that Japan should leave.
- Japan walked out of the league.
27
Q
1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
Was this a failure for the League?
A
- Yes
- League could not agree on sanctions.
- Britain and France were not prepared to send an army.
- Japanese stayed in Manchuria, but also invaded other parts of China
28
Q
1935: Abyssinian crisis
How’d it start?
A
- Dec 1934: dispute between the border between Abyssinia and the Italian Somaliland flared into fighting.
29
Q
1935: Abyssinian crisis
How did the League help?
A
- Jan 1935: Haile Selassie (emperor of Abyssinia) asked League to arbitrate.
- July 1935: League banned arms sale to either sales.
- Oct 1935: League’s committee said Italy should have some land in Abyssinia. Instead, Italy’s 100,000 strong army invaded Abyssinia.
30
Q
1935: Abyssinian crisis
Hoare-Laval Pact
A
- Secret plan made by the foreign secretary of Britain and prime minister of France to give Abyssinia to France.
- League did almost nothing.
- May 1936: Italy had conquered Abyssinia
31
Q
What were Hitler’s aims?
A
- Destroy Treaty of Versailles
- Create a Greater Germany (a country of all the German people)
- Lebensraum to conquer land for Germany in Eastern Europe
32
Q
What was the Dollfuss Affair?
A
- Austrian Chancellor, Dollfuss, tried to crack down on Nazis.
- Dollfuss banned the Nazi party.
- 1934: Hitler ordered the Austrian Nazis to create havoc in Austria.
- This turned into an attempt to overthrow the government.
- Chancellor Dollfuss was murdered but the attempted coup failed.
33
Q
What was the Saar?
A
- The people of Saar(which had been given to France) vote to return to Germany
- 1935
34
Q
German rearmament (1935)
A
- Hitler increases the size of the German army to half a million members
- Britain, France and Italy do nothing
35
Q
Stresa Front
A
In response to Hitler breaking ToV rules, Italy, Britain and France agree to help eachother and stop Germany.
Was ignored as these countries made seperate deals with Germany.
36
Q
What was the Anglo-German Naval agreement?
A
- Britain helps Germany break the Treaty of Versailles by signing an agreement to allow Germany a navy one-third the size of Britains
37
Q
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
A
- German troops re-occupy the Rhineland. They are given orders to retreat if France offers any resistance.
- France does nothing.
38
Q
Anti-Comintern Pact
A
- Alliance of Germany, Japan and Italy against communism + Mussolini and Hitler saw they had a lot in common
- Later called the AXIs
39
Q
Anschluss
A
- March 1938: Hitler occupies Austria.
- Hitler encourages the Austrian Nazis to demand a union with Germany
- He invades when Austrian chancellor announces a vote to see what Austrians want.
- After invasion, Austrians vote 99% Yes
- Britain anf France do nothing
- Germany added 7 million people and 100,000 to an army.
40
Q
Appeasement: FOR
A
- British wanted peace
- Many of Hitler’s complaints seemed reasonable at the time (ToV)
- Chamberlain wanted a strong Germany
- Britain’s armed forces were not ready for a war
- Many people admired Hitler
- Chamberlain thought another war would destroy civilisation
41
Q
Appeasement: AGAINST
A
- Gave Hitler the advantage
- Was not right: Britain and France allowed Hitler to break international agreements, Appeasement was simply another word for weakness and cowardice.
- Chamberlain misjudged Hitler
- Appeasers missed excellent opportunities to stop Hitler, especially over the reocupation of the Rhineland
42
Q
What was the sudeten crisis?
A
- Czechoslovakia had more than 3 million German speaking people
- After Anschluss, Hitler wanted to take over Czechoslovakia, using Sudeten Germans as an excuse.
- Hitler said Czech government was mistreating Germans who lived there.
- Originally wanted the land where the Germans were, but then demanded all of Sudetenland.
43
Q
What was the Munich agreement?
A
- September 1938
- Britain, France and Italy decided Czech fate. They did not consult the USSR or Czechs.
- They agreed to Hitler’s demands.
- Hitler ‘promised’ no more aggression and gave Chamberlain a signed agreement.
44
Q
March 1939: Occupation of Czechoslovakia
A
- German troops marched into Czechoslovakia. Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia was the end of appeasement because:
- Proved Hitler had been lying at Munich
- Hitler was not just interested in a ‘greater Germany’ (Czechs were not Germans)
- March 17: Chamberlain gave a speech saying he could not trust Hitler not to invade other countries + Chamberlain guaranteed to defend Poland.
45
Q
What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
A
- April 1939: Stalin suggested an alliance of Russia, France and Britain against Germany.
- Negotiations dragged on into August because:
- Chamberlain did not like communist Russia
- Stalin did not trust that France and Britain would resist Germany.
- 23 August 1939: Hitler made the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Stalin:
- A promise not to go to war with each other and secretly promise to invade Poland and split it between them.
46
Q
Invasion of Poland
A
- 1 September: Germany invaded Poland
- 3 September: Britain and France declared war on Germany
