Conflict & Tension Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
What were Lloyd George’s aims?
A
- Didn’t want punish Germany too harshly, however the public wanted harsh treatment.
- Wanted to trade with Germany to create jobs.
- Was pushed by parliament and the for a harsh peace.
2
Q
What were Georges Clemenceau’s aims?
A
- France suffered massively, 2/3 of army killed/injured.
- Wanted to cripple Germany because was worried about their growing power/economy
- Wanted Germany to split up
- Had strong influence by the French public for a harsh peace
3
Q
What were President Wilson’s aims?
A
- Germany should not be punished
- Nations should co-operate
- 14 points for peace
- Self-determination for nations
4
Q
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
A
- 100,000 soldiers, six battleships no airships
- £6.6 billion in reparations
- All colonies taken away
- Not allowed to join with Austria
- Saar taken and given to league to control
- Rhineland demilitarised
- Loss of land to Poland and France
5
Q
Impact/reactions of the Treaty.
A
- Germany was horrified: 10% land lost, all colonies gone, 12% population lost, 16% coal lost.
- War guilt: Germany took full blame
- Germany forced to disarm, but allies didn’t
- Germany lost land while UK & France increased land
- Wilson’s 14 points not reflected in treaty.
- Clemenceau: voted out for being too soft
- Lloyd George believed another war would happen
- Wilson: unhappy he had little input in final treaty
6
Q
What was the treaty in Austria?
A
- Treaty of Saint Germain (10th Sep 1919)
- 30,000 volunteers only for an army, no navy, reparations agreed, but never set
- Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania created.
- Austro-Hungarian empire dismantled
- Austria went bankrupt
7
Q
What was the treaty in Hungary?
A
- Treaty of Trianon (4th June 1920)
- 35,000 volunteers, reparations, dismantled
8
Q
What was the treaty in Bulgaria?
A
- Treaty of Neuilly (27th Nov 1919)
- 20,000 volunteers, no air force, reparations, land to Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece
9
Q
What was the treaty in Turkey?
A
- Treaty of Sèvres (10th Aug 1920)
- 50,000 soldiers, land lost and given to UK/France
- Later caused a rebellion
10
Q
What were the new states?
A
The treaties created new nation-states:
- Czechoslovakia
- Hungarians in Hungary
- Austrians in Austria
- Poles in Poland
- Slavs in Yugoslavia
11
Q
What were some problems with self determination?
A
- Self-determination caused small wars
- Self-determination was not allowed for germany
- Smaller weaker countries were created, which Hitler easily conquered later
12
Q
League of Nations: Formation.
A
- Set up under Treaty of Versailles
- Wilson’s idea
- Aims: stop wars, disarmament, help people and tackle disease
13
Q
League of Nations: Initial strengths
A
- Set up by ToV, which every nation has signed
- Had 58 nations as member by 1930s
- Could offer arbitration through Court of International Justice, or apply trade sanctions against countries that went to war
14
Q
League of Nations: Initial weaknesses
A
- Set up by ToV, which every nation hated
- Aims were too ambitious
- Germany, Russia and the USA not members
- No army
- Organisation was cumbersome
- Decisions had to be unanimous
15
Q
League of Nations: Covenant
A
- Was set up by the first 26 clauses of the Treaty of Versailles called ‘The Covenant if the League of Nations’
- e.g. Article 11: The League shall… safeguard the peace of nations
16
Q
League of Nations: Organisation
A
- An assembly, which met once a year
- A council which met regularly to consider crises.
- A small secretariat to handle the paperwork
- A court of international justice
- Committees such as the International Labour Organisation and the Health Committee to carry out humanitarian work
17
Q
League of Nations: Membership
A
- 58 members by 1930
- Germany eventually joined in 1926
- No America and Russia was a great setback
- Counties could leave at will: Germany, Italy and Japan
18
Q
League of Nations: Agencies
A
- Assembly
- Court of International justice
- The council
- Labour organisation
- Committees; refugees, slavery, health
19
Q
League Successes 1920s
A
- Took 400,000 prisoners of wat home.
- Set up refugee camps after 1922 war between Turkey and Greece.
- Health Committee worked against leprosy and malaria
- Attacked slave owners in Burma and Sierra Leone, setting free 200,000 slaves
- Held plebiscite and suggested a partition, which stopped a war between Germany and Poland
- It arbitrated between Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands in 1921: investigation showed it belonged to Finland
- Greece invaded Bulgaria in 1925, League said withdraw, Greece said yah
20
Q
League failures 1920s
A
- 1920: Poland captured Viina (capital of Lithuania) and refused to withdraw when league said to: League could do nothing
- Italy occupied Corfu. Greece asked for help, League ordered Mussolini to leave—but Conference of Ambassadors overruled the League and forced Greece to pay compensation to Italy.
- France invaded Ruhr in 1923 when Germans did not pay reparations; League was not consulted.
- Failed to persuade members countries to adopt a 48-hour week.
21
Q
1925: Locarno
A
Germany, USSR, Britain and France: agreed not to invade each other and respect borders—NO PROMISE of eastern borders
22
Q
1928: Kellogg Briand
A
- 61 countries signed this pact
- Promised not to go to war
- America got involved
- 1929 depression destroyed this good will
23
Q
1929: Depression
A
- Most countries had borrowed from the USA and therefore suffered
- Japan and Germany economy badly hit
- Pushed USA out of world affairs: weakened LoN
- Britain badly hit, wasn’t badly hit so wasn’t fully supporting LoN
- Depression also encouraged Mussolini in Italy to be more aggressive
24
Q
1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
How did it start?
A
- Sep 1931: Japanese claimed Chinese soldiers had sabotaged railway in Korea, which Japan controlled
- Japan attacked and by Feb 1932 has brutally conquered Manchuria.
25
1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
What happened to Shanghai?
- Jan-March 1932: Japan attacked and captured the city of Shanghai in China.
- In March 1932: China appealed to the League of Nations.
26
1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
What did the League do?
- April 1932: a League delegation led by Lord Lytton arrived in Manchuria to see what was happening.
- October 1932: declared that Japan should leave.
- Japan walked out of the league.
27
1931-1933: Manchurian Crisis
Was this a failure for the League?
- Yes
- League could not agree on sanctions.
- Britain and France were not prepared to send an army.
- Japanese stayed in Manchuria, but also invaded other parts of China
28
1935: Abyssinian crisis
How’d it start?
- Dec 1934: dispute between the border between Abyssinia and the Italian Somaliland flared into fighting.
29
1935: Abyssinian crisis
How did the League help?
- Jan 1935: Haile Selassie (emperor of Abyssinia) asked League to arbitrate.
- July 1935: League banned arms sale to either sales.
- Oct 1935: League’s committee said Italy should have some land in Abyssinia. Instead, Italy’s 100,000 strong army invaded Abyssinia.
30
1935: Abyssinian crisis
Hoare-Laval Pact
- Secret plan made by the foreign secretary of Britain and prime minister of France to give Abyssinia to France.
- League did almost nothing.
- May 1936: Italy had conquered Abyssinia
31
What were Hitler’s aims?
- Destroy Treaty of Versailles
- Create a Greater Germany (a country of all the German people)
- Lebensraum to conquer land for Germany in Eastern Europe
32
What was the Dollfuss Affair?
- Austrian Chancellor, Dollfuss, tried to crack down on Nazis.
- Dollfuss banned the Nazi party.
- 1934: Hitler ordered the Austrian Nazis to create havoc in Austria.
- This turned into an attempt to overthrow the government.
- Chancellor Dollfuss was murdered but the attempted coup failed.
33
What was the Saar?
- The people of Saar(which had been given to France) vote to return to Germany
- 1935
34
German rearmament (1935)
- Hitler increases the size of the German army to half a million members
- Britain, France and Italy do nothing
35
Stresa Front
In response to Hitler breaking ToV rules, Italy, Britain and France agree to help eachother and stop Germany.
Was ignored as these countries made seperate deals with Germany.
36
What was the Anglo-German Naval agreement?
- Britain helps Germany break the Treaty of Versailles by signing an agreement to allow Germany a navy one-third the size of Britains
37
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
- German troops re-occupy the Rhineland. They are given orders to retreat if France offers any resistance.
- France does nothing.
38
Anti-Comintern Pact
- Alliance of Germany, Japan and Italy against communism + Mussolini and Hitler saw they had a lot in common
- Later called the AXIs
39
Anschluss
- March 1938: Hitler occupies Austria.
- Hitler encourages the Austrian Nazis to demand a union with Germany
- He invades when Austrian chancellor announces a vote to see what Austrians want.
- After invasion, Austrians vote 99% Yes
- Britain anf France do nothing
- Germany added 7 million people and 100,000 to an army.
40
Appeasement: FOR
- British wanted peace
- Many of Hitler’s complaints seemed reasonable at the time (ToV)
- Chamberlain wanted a strong Germany
- Britain’s armed forces were not ready for a war
- Many people admired Hitler
- Chamberlain thought another war would destroy civilisation
41
Appeasement: AGAINST
- Gave Hitler the advantage
- Was not right: Britain and France allowed Hitler to break international agreements, Appeasement was simply another word for weakness and cowardice.
- Chamberlain misjudged Hitler
- Appeasers missed excellent opportunities to stop Hitler, especially over the reocupation of the Rhineland
42
What was the sudeten crisis?
- Czechoslovakia had more than 3 million German speaking people
- After Anschluss, Hitler wanted to take over Czechoslovakia, using Sudeten Germans as an excuse.
- Hitler said Czech government was mistreating Germans who lived there.
- Originally wanted the land where the Germans were, but then demanded all of Sudetenland.
43
What was the Munich agreement?
- September 1938
- Britain, France and Italy decided Czech fate. They did not consult the USSR or Czechs.
- They agreed to Hitler’s demands.
- Hitler ‘promised’ no more aggression and gave Chamberlain a signed agreement.
44
March 1939: Occupation of Czechoslovakia
- German troops marched into Czechoslovakia. Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia was the end of appeasement because:
- Proved Hitler had been lying at Munich
- Hitler was not just interested in a ‘greater Germany’ (Czechs were not Germans)
- March 17: Chamberlain gave a speech saying he could not trust Hitler not to invade other countries + Chamberlain guaranteed to defend Poland.
45
What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
- April 1939: Stalin suggested an alliance of Russia, France and Britain against Germany.
- Negotiations dragged on into August because:
- Chamberlain did not like communist Russia
- Stalin did not trust that France and Britain would resist Germany.
- 23 August 1939: Hitler made the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Stalin:
- A promise not to go to war with each other and secretly promise to invade Poland and split it between them.
46
Invasion of Poland
- 1 September: Germany invaded Poland
- 3 September: Britain and France declared war on Germany
