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anth 303 final > conflict in the mediterranean > Flashcards

conflict in the mediterranean Flashcards

1
Q

biblical narrative/context for Israel and Palestine (this flashcard is very long oops)

A

Jews enslaved in Egypt, Moses led a revolt and helped them escape. they were promised the promised land if they followed Ten Commandments. so they went to Canaan which is modern Palestine, Israel, west Jordan, southern syria, Lebanon, parts of turkey– there they established kingdoms of Israel and Judah. eventually these kingdoms were overtaken by Assyrian empire. then this whole thing happened where the romans occupied Judah and the king got mad that jews didnt see him as a deity (it went against the Ten Commandments) and they resisted his occupation. romans besieged Jerusalem in 70 CE and killed 1.1 mil ppl

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2
Q

what happened after the destruction of the temple

A

many surviving jews fled to Palestine to avoid further persecution, there was a diaspora which scattered jews throughout the western world

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3
Q

what happened to the jews in Europe

A

they were treated as migrants, second class citizens and segragated in ghettos. they couldn’t own property or hold certain jobs. endured violence, Christians blamed them for Jesus’ death. made their livings as craftspeople, artisans.

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4
Q

what were/are pogroms

A

repeated episodes of state-sanctioned violence. jews endured these in europe in the 19th century

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5
Q

what happened in Palestine in 1000 CE

A

patrilineal, patrilocal livestock herders and farmers began to move into the territory from Saudi Arabia (ex bedouin)

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6
Q

what was the dominant religion in Palestine in 1100s

A

islam

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7
Q

who are the Palestinian Arabs

A

palestinian tribes that held claim to the territory for nearly 1000 years, passing land down thru generations. didn’t enclose their land so territory was unclear even tho it did belong to them

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8
Q

what happened in 1917 and 1918 in Palestine

A

British captured Palestine from the ottoman turks in effort to control mediterranean trade, and were helped by the Palestinian Arabs who were promised their own independent nation by the British and were tired of ottoman domination

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9
Q

what is zionism

A

it began as an ethno-nationalist movement for jews to have their own independent nation. arose in Europe in late 1800s as a reaction to continued anti semitic persecution.

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10
Q

what does “tsyion” mean

A

a Hebrew word meaning a hill in Jerusalem, as well as the city itself. also means ‘holy land’ or ‘utopia’

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11
Q

what happened in 1881-1903

A

Britain supported zionist movement and creation of jewish homeland in Palestine (because they were anti-semetic, wanted to solve the ‘jewish problem’). 25000 jewish migrants moved to Palestine, and more followed. early migrations were small, met with mediterranean hospitality

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12
Q

when was the British mandate

A

1922-1940

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13
Q

what was the British mandate

A

more jewish migrants settled in Palestine and conflicting promises to Arabs and jews were harder to manage since zionists wanted a jewish state with all of Palestine and Palestinians felt betrayed. Palestinians launched series of attacks against jewish settlers

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14
Q

how did the holocaust intensify support for a jewish state

A

Britains policy of limiting jewish immigration became hard to justify and enforce, many jews began to migrate despite anti-immigration laws. there was also increased support from Europe and America for a jewish state

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15
Q

when did the British mandate end? what happened?

A

after the Arab rebellion in 1947 Britain didnt want to mediate anymore so turned Palestine over to UN

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16
Q

what was the 1947 UN partition plan

A

palestine was partitioned into jewish and Arab states, Jerusalem was neutral. Israel accepted, but Palestinians did not and began an armed resistance

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17
Q

why did the Palestinian resistance fail

A

jews were better trained, armed and organized despite the Palestinians outnumbering them, and many of the Palestinian leaders were still in exile after the 1947 revolt

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18
Q

by how many did the Palestinians outnumber the jews in the Palestinian resistance

A

palestinians: 1, 300, 000
jews: 600, 000

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19
Q

what happened in 1948

A

the state of Israel was established

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20
Q

what was the response to the state of Israel being established?

A

Jordan took the West Bank of the Jordan river, and Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip

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21
Q

what is the nakba

A

50% of Palestinian families were forcibly displaced by Israel to make room for jewish settlers, and another half left in fear to Jordan, syria and Lebanon.

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22
Q

how many Palestinian refugees were produced in the nakba/war

A

780 000

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23
Q

how many Palestinians are classified as refugees by the UN

A

5 million

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24
Q

how are refugees from Palestine treated in host nations

A

they are not assimilated; many have lived in refugee camps for three or more generations.

25
how many Palestinians chose to stay and live in Israel occupied territories
1/8
26
do israeli arabs have the same rights as jewish people in Israel?
no, they do not have the same rights and privileges as jewish citizens, they occupy a liminal position in both israeli and Palestinian societies
27
what is the PLO
formed in 1964 to represent Palestinian people, it stands for the Palestinian liberation organization. its goals were right of return, liberation of Palestine, as well as to prohibit existence and activity of zionism
28
who chaired the PLO from 1969-2004? who is the chair now?
yasser Arafat until 2004, now it is Mahmoud Abbas.
29
what did the PLO do in 1970-1988
was responsible for terrorist attacks during Israel, but in 1988 endorsed a 2-state solution. however many Israelis never trusted this because of language calling for continued armed struggle until the end of "The zionist entity"
30
what is the Oslo peace process and when did it take place
from 1993-2000, Israel agreed to withdraw from areas of the West Bank and Gaza
31
what is the PNA
the Palestinian national authority, created as a temporary entity to negotiate with Israel and govern areas of the West Bank and Gaza that were vacated by Israelis
32
ways the Oslo accords failed and when
In 1995 rabin was assassinated by israeli right wing extremists in 1996 PNA elects legislature and Fatah party led by Arafat wins, this caused distrust among Israelis, leading to rise of Likud party, which saw any concession to Palestine as heresy Israel continued unauthorized settlements in the Westbank despite the provisions of the Oslo accords
33
what is Hamas?
acronym for "islamic resistance movement" it is an aslamist ethnography-religious nationalist, militarist organization governing the Gaza Strip with a goal of creating a Palestinian state
34
when was Hamas founded and why
in 1997 in response to PLO's renouncing of terrorism and embrace of a 2-state solution
35
since when has Hamas governed gaza
since 2007, in 2006 Hamas won control of PNA from Fatah.
36
what is the israeli West Bank barrier. who made it and why?
a wall to separate Israel from Palestinian territory. Israel made it because they argue it is necessary to protect citizens from terrorist attacks which have in fact declined since the wall.
37
why do some people dislike the israeli west bank barrier
they feel it encroaches on Palestinian territory and creates big obstacles for Palestinians who need to travel to and from israeli areas for work school and medical attention
38
21st century developments with Israel and Palestine
palestinians continuing to struggle for autonomy and right of return, sometimes violently responding to israeli expansion. Israel feels increasingly threatened because of Hamas, and likud has exploited that fear to remain in power Israel's continued use of military force against Palestinians has led to the death of tens of thousands of Palestinians
39
what happened on October 7, 2023
hamas and allied militant groups launched a series of attacks on Israel from Gaza Strip, 736 Israelis and 459 Palestinians were killed, with hundreds wounded and many cases of sexual violence. 250 Israelis were taken as hostages. this was the deadliest attack since 1948 war.
40
how many nations condemned the October 7 attack?
44
41
how did Israel respond to October 7
launched a counter attack, created blockades cutting of water, food, fuel, medical supplies. targeted hospitals, schools and civilian neighbourhoods, assuming Hamas was using them as cover for their operations. over 40 000 Palestinians have been killed and 100 000 injured. attacks continue despite ceasefires.
42
how is the usa involved with Israel /palestine conflict
supported Israel with weapons, military supplies. trump proposed US takeover of Gaza after displacement of Palestinian population
43
what pov is not represented in "my brother, my land" and what relationship does the author have with his co-author/contributor?
no Israeli povs in this book. Hermez and sireen have intertwined and close relationship
44
who wrote "my brother, my land"
sami hermez, co author sireen Sawalha
45
six day war's affect on Palestinians
after the war, travel was made more difficult and the borders were militarized. the war of independence displaced 750 000 refugees and now 20 years later, whole new group is displaced.
46
why did sirens mother mayda choose to return home during the six day war?
she had a strong attachment to her home and her land and didnt want to lose it, especially since her husband had.
47
examples of displacement in my brother my land
haj ahmed not seeing his village or brothers for 20 years, families not able to stay together, Palestinians who left vs. who stayed and the division in those communities.
48
what effect displacement have on people
stress, grief, resentment, anger, frustration building up over generations
49
how did jewish experience of displacement and persecution as well as the holocaust affect the formation of israeli culture and politics?
wanting to keep everyone else out after finally having their own place (isolationism). mental and cultural endogamy creating violence and insecurity.
50
how was sireen's brother's experience different than hers?
sireen was older than iyad, so was able to experience some time living in peace. Iyad was born into a violent time, felt things very deeply, and joined a rebel group. he ended up getting sent to prison, becoming a powerful terrorist leader, and then getting killed. Sireen was able to go to America where she was separated from the violence in Palestine
51
how did iyad's family feel about the choices he made?
they did not support the choices he made because it put him in danger, and they loved him and wanted him to be safe.
52
52
what is a collaborator? how could someone be mistaken for one?
a Palestinian spy who is working with the Israelis-- they were locally placed and would essentially spill the tea back to the Israelis. if you worked in israeli territories or if you needed medical care or visas and had to work closely with them to get what you needed. if you were in the israeli offices for a long time.
53
what is the Fahd-al-aswad
it was a black panther organization that worked to expose collaborators. full of young men including yousef and iyad.
54
why was iyad sent to prison? what happened to him there?
because he was involved with Fahd-al-aswad he was ambushed(?) and arrested. during his time in prison he was abused and tortured and was left with trauma and ptsd. he became more religious and radicalized during this time. iyad's suffering was apparent through the emotions of his parents.
55
what happens to iyad in the end
iyad is shot and killed in a fight with the israeli defence forces.
56
how was sireen affected by the rise of islamist resistance organizations
religion became more public and women were forced to wear a hijab, which sireen did not want to do. there was a feeling that Palestinians were not winning because they were not pious enough.
57
how does sireen struggle with displacement?
sireen moves to the US after marrying. she is stuck in an abusive relationship and is away from her family and land. there is also a sense of guilt because she is not with her family while they are going through hardship

anth 303 final (4 decks)

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