conflict and tension accounts

Question 1

account on how Manchuria became an international crisis (8)

Answer 1

causes/events:
____________
-economic hardship - Great Depression - silk sales Japan plummeted - Manchuria a vast industrial region to reinstall a stable economy
-league slow to react to chinas appeal as members keep Japan as a trade partner - march 1932 Lytton published
Consequences:
____________
-1933 J withdraws and goes into conquer Jehol Prov.
-ST-little effect as Japan a great distance
LT-displayed league’s incompetence to tackle other nations and set dangerous precedent for Mussolini and hitler to stretch league

Question 2

account of how problems relating to the Sudetenland led to an international crisis in 1938 (8)

Answer 2

causes / events:
____________
-area w/ 3 million germans and Hitler claimed faced persecution
-Munich conference 1938 agreed to give hitler Sudetenland (peace in our time - assumed safety)
-march 1939 -Hitler marches into Czechoslovakia after claiming he’d help the leader
Consequences:
____________
-ST- gave Hitler access to invade Poland resulting in WW2 (1st Sept 1939)
–> proved appeasement policy adopted became futile and allowed for the exploitation of allied forces by Hitler
LT- mass killing of civilians in WW2

Question 3

account of the German reaction to TOV (8)

Answer 3

Causes/Events:
____________
-Clemenceau’s desperation for revenge fuelled the treaty’s harsh nature
-100,000 army, £6.6 billion reparations, lost 10% of the land
Consequences:
____________
-6 million germans in poverty due to treaty coinciding w. wall street crash shortly after (`1928)
-ST-riots outside of the Reich as germans had hoped for fourteen points policy
LT- desperation at hands of allies planted seeds of resentment in german ppls minds allowing Hitler to rise w/ promises of revenge on allies and rebuilding Germany

Question 4

03) Write an account of how successful the league was in dealing with disputes between countries in the 1920s.
[8 marks]

Answer 4

Paragraph 1: Successful - weak countries (Aaland Islands, Bulgarian Crisis)

Paragraph 2: Unsuccessful - big countries (Vilna, Corfu)

Question 5

03) Write an account of how Hilter’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland became a success for his foreign policy (8)

Answer 5

Causes:
-7th march 1936
-elected in 1933 as Führer Hitler began rebuilding Germany and revoking TOV
-marched into Rhineland w/ 20,000 troops - no ally retaliation
Consequences:
-key members of British politics sought to appease hitler Lord Lothian – “marching into his own back garden”
-no retaliation from a blatant break in the TOV accelerated Hitler’s mission to achieve lebensraum and rebuild Germany - 1939 march and the march 1938 Anschluss w/ Austria

Question 6

03) Write an account of how events in Abyssinia in 1935–36 became an international crisis.
(8)

Answer 6

Causes/events:
-failed attempt in 1896 and vast economic depression meaning Mussolini sought the fertile soils of Abyssinia as well as colonies in Africa just like the other main European powers
- disruption between forces Halie Selassie appeals to League but Mussolini continues to invade 100,000 Oct 1935
-league condemns Mussolini but Britain and France sign secret agreement to give him land exposed and stopped
-league members act in self-interest and saw Mussolini as a trading partner so little action e.g. no closing of Suez Canal - 1937 Mu leaves league
Consequences
-highlighted corruption of league as countries act in own self interest as well as it’s lack of competence and power against it’s own members and powerful nations
-showed Mussolini that France and Britain were too preoccupied w/ hitler and so he could do as he pleased - Rome Berlin axis signed in 1936

Question 7

03) Write an account of how the Great Depression caused problems for the League of Nations.
(8)

Answer 7

Causes/events:
-Great Depression corrupted countries and led them to act in self interest
-examples include abysinnia where little action was taken against Mussolini as council member B and F saw him as a trade partner and ally against hitler - sign secret agreement - exposed
-rise of fascist dictators that gained support form desperate ppl e.g. hitler –league almost powerless against such determined figures
Consequences:
-B and F acting in self interest and League being influences by appeasement led to breakout of war (1938 Munich conference leads to 1939 Czech invasion and then Poland = war)
-long term league proved to be a powerless force against fascist dictators e.g. Mussolini and hitler

Question 8

03) Write an account of how Britain’s policy of appeasement caused problems. (8)

Answer 8

causes/events:
-Britain and France recovering from ww1 could not risk another war and saw appeasement as a policy to prevent it
-7th march 1936 Hitler invades Rhineland – ‘in own back-garden’ ~LL.
-Anschluss w/ Austria -1938 Munich conference gave hitler confidence to invade Czechs then Poland resulting directly in ww2
Consequences:
-resulted directly in ww2 thru march 1939 invasion of czechoslavakia
-constant appeasement of hitler e.g. Rhineland and Anschluss slowly built up his confidence and resulted in him making larger moves towards achieving foreign policy

Question 9

03) Write an account of how the Treaty of Sèvres led to an international crisis.

Answer 9

Causes / events:
-made w/ Ottoman Empire and allies - 1920-abolished Ottoman Empire- England took territory e.g. Palestine
-1923 treaty of Lausanne debt divided between countries form old ottoman empire- almost undermine sèvres
Consequences:
-short term perhaps showed how allied forces could be manipulated by dictators
-set a dangerous precedent for further manipulation by dictators e.g. Mussolini and hitler – ultimately leading to WW2