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GCSE History > Conflict and Tension > Flashcards

Conflict and Tension Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the armistice of WW1 signed?

A

11th Nov 1918

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2
Q

What where the main terms of the armistice

A

(RoAR) Reparations; Alsace(-Lorraine); Rhineland

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3
Q

Did the germans know how much to pay after the ARMISTICE?

A

No, that was decided later at the paris peace conference

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4
Q

wtf was the paris peace conference

A

PPC was discussions between 32 countries to decide the terms of the final peace treaties

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5
Q

Who were the three main players at the PPC

A

David Lloyd George; Georges Clemenceau; Woodrow Wilson

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6
Q

Who was David Lloyd George

A

The PM of britain

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7
Q

Who was Georges Clemenceau

A

the PM of france

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8
Q

Who was Woodrow Wilson

A

the President of the US

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9
Q

What were Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Wilson called?

A

The Big Three

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10
Q

Why were the Big Three under pressure

A

Had to make a treaty to please everyone QUICKLY

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11
Q

Aims of Clemenceau

A
  • reparations to rebuild
  • revenge
  • cripple Germany so they couldn’t attack
  • Push German border back to Rhine for safety
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12
Q

Aims of Lloyd George

A
  • the public wanted punishment
  • didn’t want to provoke “revenge”
  • wanted a strong trade partner
  • wanted a strong buffer to communism
  • wanted German colonies for the Empire
  • wanted naval supremacy
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13
Q

Aims of Wilson

A
  • Wanted fair peace
  • didn’t want to provoke “revenge”
  • wanted the League of Nations and the fourteen points
  • USA didn’t want to get involved again
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14
Q

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed

A

28 June 1919

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15
Q

Was Germany allowed to negotiate ToV terms?

A

No; it was a DIKTAT

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16
Q

wtf is a diktat

A

“Forced peace” (in german)

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17
Q

Were the Big Three satisfied by the ToV

A

No

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18
Q

Was Germany satisfied by the ToV

A

No

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19
Q

was Germany salty about the ToV

A

yes

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20
Q

How did the ToV match Clemenceau’s aims?

A

France got Alsace-Lorraine, the Rhineland was demilitarised

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21
Q

How did the ToV go against Clemenceau’s aims?

A

He wanted more reparations, he wanted NO army, he was the Rhineland taken away completely

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22
Q

How did the ToV match Lloyd George’s aims?

A

Britain got naval supremacy, the empire gained more colonies

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23
Q

How did the ToV go against Lloyd George’s aims?

A

the harsh reparations impacted trade, Germans were unhappy- a threat of retaliation was present

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24
Q

How did the ToV match Wilson’s aims?

A

The League of Nations was created

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25
Q

How did the ToV go against Wilson’s aims?

A

The fourteen points were ignored, the treaty was too harsh

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26
Q

Were the British happy with the ToV?

A

Yes, they saw Lloyd George as a hero and thought the treaty was fair.

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27
Q

Were the French happy with the Tov?

A

No, they wanted revenge and voted Clemenceau out. However they did like having the Saar coalfields.

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28
Q

Were Americans happy with the ToV?

A

They thought it was too harsh, but opted to follow a policy of isolationism anyway. US did not join the LofN or approve the treaty.

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29
Q

How much of Germany was lost to the ToV?

A

13% / 6 million Germans

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30
Q

Why did Germans call politicians “November Criminals”

A

Because they felt betrayed by the signing of the Armistice

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31
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch

A

1920

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32
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch

A

An attempted revolution in Germany after the ToV

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33
Q

When was the Ruhr crisis?

A

January 1923

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34
Q

What was the Ruhr crisis?

A

Germany couldn’t pay reparations -> France invaded -> German workers strike

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35
Q

What was the Munich Putsch?

A

November 1923

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36
Q

What was the Munich Putsch?

A

An attempted revolution by Hitler as he and other Germans were desperate for change

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37
Q

When was the Dawes Plan?

A

1924

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38
Q

How much money was given in the Dawes Plan?

A

800 million gold marks

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39
Q

What does the Dawes Plan signify?

A

Germany needed outside help to survive after the criplling ToV

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40
Q

What do the two 1920s Putsches signify?

A

Germans were left unhappy and desperate after the ToV

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41
Q

What does the Ruhr crisis signify?

A

Germany couldn’t keep up with the high reparations

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42
Q

Were Germany’s allies punished after the war?

A

Yes

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43
Q

Who were Germany’s allies in the war?

A

Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey

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44
Q

Did Germany’s allies lose land?

A

Yes; all of them

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45
Q

Did Germany’s allies have to pay reparations?

A

Only Bulgaria ended up paying them

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46
Q

Which allies’ economies collapsed due to the treaties?

A

Austria and Hugary

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47
Q

When did Austria and Hungary’s economies collapse?

A

1921

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48
Q

Why did Austria and Hungary’s economies collapse?

A

Because they lost so much land

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49
Q

What happened in Turkey after the treaty was signed?

A

A revolt happened, and Britain replaced it with a kinder treaty

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50
Q

What was the original Turkish treaty called?

A

The Treaty of Sèvres

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51
Q

What was the new Turkish treaty called?

A

The Treaty of Lausanne

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52
Q

When was the new Turkish treaty signed?

A

July 1923

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53
Q

What was the significance of a new turkish treaty?

A

Showed that Britain was willing to undermine past treaties

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54
Q

What were the struggles faced by Poland as a new country?

A

Russia and Germany contested their borders; people in the Corridor didn’t want to be polish, Poland had not natural defensive borders like mountains

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55
Q

What was the effect of Germany being split in two?

A

It was weakened; Germans resented Poland

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56
Q

What were the League of Nations four main aims?

A

Get countries to collaborate to prevent war; encourage disarmament; improve living/working conditions; tackle deadly diseases

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57
Q

How many countries initially joined the league?

A

42

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58
Q

Which three main countries did not join the League at first?

A

Germany, Russia, USA

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59
Q

Why didn’t Germany join the League?

A

Countries that lost WW1 were not allowed to join

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60
Q

Why didn’t Russia join the League?

A

Communists were not allowed to join

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61
Q

Why didn’t the USA join the League?

A

The US Senate refused to join; they practised isolationism

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62
Q

After signing which treaty did Germany join the League?

A

The Locarno Treaty

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63
Q

When was the Locarno Treaty?

A

1925

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64
Q

When did Russia join the LofN?

A

1934

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65
Q

Who were the permanent members of the council in the LofN?

A

Britain; France; Italy; Japan

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66
Q

How did the League implement sanctions? (4)

A

Mitigation; Moral Condemnation; Economic Sanctions; Military Force

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67
Q

3 Strengths of ToV

A

1) Reparations ensured rebuilding, 2) Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, 3) Poland and Czechoslovakia given independance

68
Q

3 Weaknesses of ToV

A

Austria n Hungary lost so much land that their economies collapsed, Britain undermined Treaty with Lausanne and gave Hitler confidence; Treaty was too harsh causing revolts in Germany

69
Q

Who were the LofN Assembly

A

An international parliament with a representative from every member

70
Q

How often did the LofN Assembly vote on issues?

A

Once a year

71
Q

What was the catch to the LofN Assembly vote on issues?

A

Had to be unanimous

72
Q

Who were the LofN Council?

A

The four permanent members; +four other countries which were elected every three years

73
Q

What was the LofN Council’s special power?

A

It could veto Assembly decisions

74
Q

What was the Permanent Court of International Justice

A

An international law court that could give hearings and advise parties involved in an argument

75
Q

Why were Permanent Court of International Justice rulings often ignored?

A

They were not compulsory

76
Q

Who were the LofN Secretariat?

A

The admin for the League who arranged the action the League decided to take

77
Q

Who were the LofN Special Commissions?

A

Special groups/organisations set up to tackle specific issues

78
Q

Examples of LofN Special Commisions

A

ILO, Commission for Refugees, Slavery Commission etc.

79
Q

Aim of International Labour Organisation (ILO)?

A

To improve working conditions

80
Q

Success of ILO?

A

Worker deaths on Tanganyika Railway reduced from 50% to 4% in 1920s

81
Q

How much were worker deaths on Tanganyika Railway reduced in the 1920s?

A

From 50% to 4%

82
Q

Failures of ILO?

A

In 1919, most members refused to stop under 14s from working to save money

83
Q

Aim of the Commission for Refugees?

A

Find homes for refugees, improve camps and return refugees to their countries

84
Q

Successes of Commission for Refugees?

A

Helped free 85% of POWs from left after WW1

85
Q

How many POWs were left still imprisoned after WW1?

A

500,000

86
Q

What % of remaining POWs did the LofN free?

A

85%

87
Q

Failures Commission for Refugees?

A

Failed to help Jews fleeing Nazi Germany in the 1930s

88
Q

What was the aim of the Economic and Financial Commitee

A

To improve living conditions

89
Q

Successes of the Economic and Financial Commitee?

A

Sent financial advisers to Austria and Hungary to rebuild economies after they went bankrupt in 1921

90
Q

Failures of the Economic and Financial Commitee?

A

Unable to cope with global depression after 1929

91
Q

Two successes of the LofN in the 20s?

A

Aaland Islands dispute; Upper Silesia dispute

92
Q

Two failures of the LofN in the 20s?

A

Corfu crisis; Invasion of Vilna

93
Q

Aaland Islands summary?

A

Sweden and Finland both wanted the islands. LofN made them an demilitarised autonomous region of Finland, exempt from conscription. Neither Finland or Sweden can have military bases there. Both countries were happy with the decision.

94
Q

Upper Silesia summary

A

A plebiscite was held to see if it should be Polish or German and divided it up by the vote. Germany complained the Poland got industrial areas, Poland complained that the only got one third of the land yet 40% of the people.

95
Q

Corfu Summary

A

A team of Italian military were killed, Mussolini wanted compensation and vengeance. Greece couldn’t find the murderers, so Italy invaded. The league condemned his actions but he complained to the Conference of Ambassadors, undermining the LofN. Greece was forced to pay. STRONG COUNTRIES CAN BULLY LOFN

96
Q

Vilna Summary

A

Vilna (capital of Lithuania) was invaded by Poland as many Poles lived there. Lithuania asked the LofN for help, but they did nothing as Poland was a strong ally against Germany.

97
Q

Bulgaria Summary

A

Greek soldiers were killed on the border, Greece invaded. The League forced Greece to pay compensation, but seemed hypocritical due to Corfu

98
Q

When was the Corfu Crisis

A

1923

99
Q

When was the Aaland Islands dispute

A

1921

100
Q

When was Vilna

A

1920-21

101
Q

When was Upper Silesia plebiscite

A

March 1921

102
Q

When was the Bulgaria Invasion

A

1925

103
Q

What date was the Mukden Incident?

A

18 September 1931

104
Q

When did Japan invade Manchuria?

A

Feb 1932

105
Q

When did China appeal to the League

A

March 1932

106
Q

When was Lytton sent to Manchuria

A

April 1932

107
Q

When was the Lytton report published

A

October 1932 (nearly a year later)

108
Q

Why was the League unwilling to impose economic sanctions

A

The Depression

109
Q

Why was the Lytton report considered too slow

A

By the time it was published, Japan had already taken over Manchuria

110
Q

Why was Mussolini given confidence for Abyssinia

A

The Corfu Crisis

111
Q

When did Italian troops first clash in Wal Wal

A

December 1934

112
Q

When did Haile Selassie appeal to the LofN for help?

A

June 1935

113
Q

What did the League do after Selassie’s appeal?

A

Banned weapons trades to both sides

114
Q

What did the League suggest in Otober 1935

A

Italy should have a little land in Abyssinia

115
Q

What did Italy do in October 1935

A

Invade with 100,000 and use chemical weapons

116
Q

When was the Hoare-Laval Pact leaked?

A

December 1935

117
Q

When did Italy leave the LofN

A

May 1936

118
Q

Why didn’t the LofN impose trade sanctions to ban Steel, Oil and Coal to Italy?

A

Because they wanted to protect their own economies

119
Q

Why didn’t Britain and France close the Suez Canal?

A

It would upset Mussolini

120
Q

Why did economic sanctions not work?

A

USA was Japan’s main trade partner, Members of LofN did not want to harm trading relations

121
Q

How do Manchuria and Abyssinia prove the League was weak due to not containing Germany or the USA

A

USA was Japan’s main trade partner; Hoare-Laval Pact made because Mussolini was an ally against Hitler

122
Q

When did Hitler storm out of the disarmament conference?

A

1933

123
Q

Why did Hitler storm out of the disarmament conference?

A

Because France refused to disarm, and Hitler would only disarm if everyone else did

124
Q

When was the Dollfuss Affair?

A

1934

125
Q

Dollfuss Summary?

A

Fearing anschluss, chancellor Dollfuss bans the Nazis. Nazis are ordered to wreak havoc and murder Dollfuss

126
Q

How did Mussolini react to the Dollfuss affair?

A

Moved his army to the border; Hitler backed down

127
Q

When was the Saar plebiscite

A

1935

128
Q

How many Saar people voted to join Germany?

A

90%, Hitler used this as propaganda

129
Q

Why was the Saar plebiscite important?

A

Hitler gained the valuable resources and coalfields

130
Q

When was the rearmament rally

A

March 1935

131
Q

What did Hitler announce at the 1935 rally?

A

He had been rebuilding army, would reintroduce conscription, would build Luftwaffe

132
Q

How did Britain, France and Italy react to the 1935 rally?

A

Agreed to work against Hitler as Stresa Front in April 1935

133
Q

When was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement/

A

June 1935

134
Q

What was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement

A

Britain allowed Germany to have navy 35% the size of Britain’s

135
Q

What did the Anglo-German Naval Agreement prove?

A

Britain was willing to let Hitler break the ToV

136
Q

When did Hitler remilitarize the Rhineland

A

7th March 1936

137
Q

Why did Hitler rearm the Rhineland?

A

He wanted defensive border against powerful France so he could invade other countries for Lebensraum without fear

138
Q

Why did Britain and France start rearming

A

Because Hitler rearmed and remilitarised the Rhineland

139
Q

When did Hitler plan to get rid of Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg

A

1938

140
Q

What did Schuschnigg do after finding out Hitler’s plot to get rid of him

A

Gave key Austrian government positions to Nazis to win Hitler’s support

141
Q

Who was Hitler’s austrian puppet

A

Seyss-Inquart

142
Q

What did Seyss-Inquart do with police

A

Have them turn a blind eye to Nazi terrorism to the government

143
Q

Why did Schuschnigg want a plebiscite

A

To prove austrians didn’t want anschluss

144
Q

What did Hitler do after schuschnigg wanted a plebiscite

A

Demanded it be delayed and for Schuschnigg to resign

145
Q

Who replaced Schuschnigg as chancellor

A

Seyss-Inquart

146
Q

What did Seyss-Inquart do as chancellor

A

Ask Hitler to send troops as Austria was in a state of chaos

147
Q

When did German forces enter Austria

A

12 March 1939

148
Q

When was the Austrian plebiscite held

A

10 April 1939

149
Q

How many people voted for anschluss

A

99%

150
Q

How was the anschluss plebsicite rigged

A

Threatening stormtroopers policed it, the ‘yes’ box was far bigger than the ‘no’ box

151
Q

How did Czechoslovakia react to anschluss

A

They feared that they would be next for lebensraum

152
Q

What was Hitler’s excuse to attack the Sudetenland?

A

The 20% population of Germans was being persecuted

153
Q

Why did Chamberlain agree to let Hitler take the Sudetenland

A

He was following appeasement

154
Q

When did Chamberlain meet with Hitler

A

15th September 1938

155
Q

What were Hitler’s demands at Bad Godsberg

A

He wanted Sudetenland by 1 October, and for other Czech land to be given to Hungary and Poland

156
Q

When did Hitler and Chamberlain meet at Bad Godsberg

A

22nd September 1938

157
Q

What happened at the Munich Conference

A

Britain, France and Italy accepted Hitler’s demands

158
Q

Did the Czechs ever consent to Hitler’s changed demands

A

No, they were never consulted

159
Q

When did Hitler invade the Sudetenland

A

10 October 1938

160
Q

When did Hitler invade the rest of Czechoslovakia

A

1939

161
Q

Why did Hitler want the Sudetenland

A

It contained Czech’s defences; disproportionate amount of Czech weapons factories were there

162
Q

When was the Nazi-Soviet pact?

A

23rd August 1939

163
Q

What was the Nazi-Soviet pact?

A

Russia allowed Hitler to invade Poland without retaliation from the USSR, in return Russia got some polish territories

164
Q

Why was the Nazi-Soviet pact good for Germany

A

They got Poland, had no threat from Russia

165
Q

Why was the Nazi-Soviet pact good for Russia

A

Britain and France had proven bad allies; they got territory without even sending troops, being allies would give them more time to prepare to fight Germany

166
Q

When was Poland invaded

A

1 September 1939

167
Q

When did Britain send its ultimatum of war

A

3 September 1939

GCSE History (6 decks)

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